Fay-Cooper Cole & Albert Gale (1922). "The Tinguian; Social, Religious, and Economic life of a Philippine tribe". Field Museum of Natural History: Anthropological Series. 14 (2): 235–493.

a b Viikberg, Jüri (2001). The Tofalars. ISBN 9985-9369-2-2. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Richard de Mille, ed. The Don Juan Papers: Further Castaneda Controversies. Santa Barbara, California: Ross-Erikson, 1980. a b Fotiou, Evgenia (2016). "The Globalization of Ayahuasca Shamanism and the Erasure of Indigenous Shamanism" (PDF). Anthropology of Consciousness. American Anthropological Association. 27 (2): 151–179. doi: 10.1111/anoc.12056 . Retrieved 24 May 2021. In a Soyot shamanic song, sounds of bird and wolf are imitated to represent helping spirits of the shaman. [13] The Buryat word for shaman is бөө ( böö) [bøː], from early Mongolian böge. [5] Itself borrowed from Proto-Turkic *bögü ("sage, wizard")

Diószegi, Vilmos (1962). Samanizmus. Élet és Tudomány Kiskönyvtár (in Hungarian). Budapest: Gondolat. ISBN 978-963-9147-13-3. The title means: "Shamanism". a b Boekhoven, J.W. (2011). Genealogies of shamanism: Struggles for power, charisma and authority (PhD thesis) . Retrieved 21 May 2021. In the 1999 film (and earlier novel) Fight Club, the narrator attends a cancer support group. During a creative visualization exercise, he is told to see himself entering a cave where he will meet his power animal. When he does, he imagines a penguin is speaking to him. [31] The term has been criticized [ by whom?] for its perceived colonial roots, and as a tool to perpetuate perceived contemporary linguistic colonialism. By Western scholars, the term "shamanism" is used to refer to a variety of different cultures and practices around the world, which can vary dramatically and may not be accurately represented by a single concept. Billy-Ray Belcourt, an author and award-winning scholar from the Driftpile Cree Nation in Canada, argues that using language with the intention of simplifying culture that is diverse, such as Shamanism, as it is prevalent in communities around the world and is made up of many complex components, works to conceal the complexities of the social and political violence that Indigenous communities have experienced at the hands of settlers. [27] Belcourt argues that language used to imply “simplicity” in regards to Indigenous culture, is a tool used to belittle Indigenous cultures, as it views Indigenous communities solely as a result of a history embroiled in violence, that leaves Indigenous communities only capable of simplicity and plainness.

The term “shaman” originally came from the Siberia and Mongolia region, referring to the spiritual practices and beliefs of the indigenous Evenki people. Some argue that the term should be used only in this context, although “shamanism” is now widely used to refer to a variety of beliefs and practices. Further information: Medicine man A tableau presenting figures from various cultures described as "shamans" in Western academic literature.Seleznev, Alexander. "The Northernmost Outpost of Islamic Civilization". International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World . Retrieved 8 April 2022.