At present, there are many hormonal schemes for synchronization of estrus in sheep, such as progestogen vaginal sponge, prostaglandin (PG), and its structural analogs by intramuscular injection ( 13, 14). The progestogens that have been used include progesterone (P 4), fluorogestone acetate (FGA), and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP). The protocol of progestogens vaginal sponge can be divided into medium long-term treatment (9–16 days) and short-term treatment (5–7 days). Studies have shown that long-term use (11 days) of P 4 sponge significantly increased the conception rate of ewes compared with short-term use (7 days) ( 5). The onset of estrus of ewes using Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) for a long time (14 days) was earlier than that of ewes using CIDR for a short time (5, 6, and 7 days) ( P< 0.05) ( 15). Another research has shown that the estrus of ewes with the FGA sponge for 14 days was earlier than that of ewes using the FGA sponge for 6 or 7 days ( P< 0.01) ( 16). Altineki and Koyuncu ( 17) studied the effect of FGA vaginal sponge on estrus and lambing of Merino ewes and concluded that the effect of medium-term (10 days) and long-term (14 days) treatments was better than that of short-term treatment (7 days). Early studies were mainly focused on sponge-associated microbial communities in shallow-water marine habitats. These studies demonstrated that sponges maintain highly diverse and specific microbial communities in the face of a constant influx of seawater microorganisms due to their filter-feeding activities ( Margalef, 1963). The Sponge Microbiome Project (SMP) employed high-throughput sequencing technologies to analyze 81 sponge species comprising 804 samples, primarily collected from shallow-water habitats ( Moitinho-Silva etal., 2017; Busch etal., 2022). Limited sampling challenges research on sponges from cold-water and deep-sea environments. The Deep-sea Sponge Microbiome Project (D-SMP), conducted in 2022, aimed to characterize the microbial communities associated with 1,077 sponge samples, predominantly collected from the deep sea, representing 169 sponge species ( Busch etal., 2022). Both studies utilized extensive sequencing data to demonstrate the microbial diversity and composition of global sponge microbiomes. The chemoautotrophic environment of the cold seeps in the SCS represents unexplored sponge habitats, with sponge grounds consisting of up to six sponge species rarely reported in deep-sea environments. In this study, we investigated the microbial communities of six cold-seep sponge species in the SCS using nearly full-length sequencing, thereby expanding the datasets of sponge-associated microbial communities. PMSG is administered into the muscle immediately after the sponge removal; the amount given per ewe will depend on the breed of sheep and month of the year. It was reported that the lambing rate of ewes treated with FGA (30 mg) for 14 days was significantly higher than that of ewes treated for 7 days ( P< 0.05) ( 17), indicating that the long period treatment of the FGA intravaginal sponge was conducive to lambing rate of ewes. It is worth noting that the breeders usually wish the twinning lamb because compared with multi-lamb, twinning lamb has larger birth weight, easier survival, and better growth ( 36), which is especially conducive to the breeding and management of large-scale sheep farms. Although there was no significant difference in the twinning lamb rate of the five protocols of estrous synchronization, only Group II had the twinning lamb rate of 70%, and that of the other schemes was all <70%. The results showed it was appropriate that the administered dosage and time of all drugs in GroupII. Therefore, the scheme of Group II was recommended in large-scale sheep farms. Loss Rate of Sponge and Vaginitis Rate of Ewes To achieve good results with synchronising ewes, ewes should be weaned for at least 6 weeks and be in a body score 3.5-4.0 at sponging.

Estrus of ewes was detected twice a day by aproned rams (aproned rams:ewes to be tested = 1:10). Ewes were determined to be in estrus when they exhibited a standing reflex in response to the aproned ram. The number of estrous ewes was recorded at 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h after the removal of the suppository, and the percentage of estrous ewes in different periods to the total number of estrous ewes was calculated. Anti-inflammatory & Pain Relief Antibiotic Dry Cow Tube Injection Milking Cow Tube Oral Topical Uterine Breeding Calf Health Antibiotic Calf Scour Colostrum De-horning More Calf HealthWe would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Xue-Feng Fang, a Ph.D. candidate from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his assistance with the sample collection. We also thank Yong Xu from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences for his guidance in data analysis. Conflict of interest Bimeda Boehringer Ingelheim CEVA Dechra Elanco HIPRA MSD Norbrook Vetoquinol Zoetis All Manufacturers Household waste: Throw your sponge into your normal household waste and it'll break down without releasing harmful microplastics of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China Silent repeats. You will get some sheep that don't turn to the tup but won't be in lamb. Breed fine in other years, just one of those things. If you cull these empties you may be throwing away genetics for no fault of the sheep.

This research was funded by Key Research and Development Plan Program of Hebei Province, China (Grant Nos: 18236609D and 20326629D), Innovative Capacity Improvement Program of Hebei Province, China (Grant No: 20536601D), and the Excellent Going Abroad Experts' Training Program in Hebei Province, China. Conflict of Interest This study was conducted from April 30, 2019, to November 16, 2019, in a sheep farm in Zhangjiakou, PR China (latitude 40°37′N, longitude 115°8′E, altitude 680 m). Healthy multiparous Hu ewes ( n = 150) weighing 45.23 ± 5.56 kg were divided into five groups ( n = 30 in each group) randomly. It is the second or third parturition of ewes in this study. All ewes gave birth normally without dystocia and stillbirth. All lambs were healthy when they were born, and they received colostrum from ewes in time. Every six ewes lived in the same pen. Ewes of each group were conducted in different estrus synchronization protocols. The semen came from 15 healthy Dorper rams that were older than 2 years old. Each ram was 120–130 kg with strong sexual desire. Each ram was fed twice with 1.5 kg of forage, 1.5 kg of concentrate, 0.25 kg of carrots, and two eggs every day at 7:30 am and 6:30 pm. All sheep were house-fed and drank freely. All experimental procedures involving animals in this study were approved by the Welfare Ethics Committee of the Laboratory Animal Center of Hebei North University, Hebei, PR China. Protocols of Estrus Synchronization

How do the Arctic sponges survive?

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Ethics Statement

Breeding Foot Care Lambing Castration Feeding Minerals & Tonics Other Twin Lamb Vaccines Worm Control More Lambing

The number of lambing ewes, the number of live lambs, and the number of ewes with single, twins, and multiple lambs of each group were recorded. Vaginitis rate (%) = number of ewes exhibiting vaginitis/number of ewes treated with intravaginal sponge ×100, conception rate (%) = number of pregnant ewes/number of mating ewes ×100, lambing rate (%) = number of ewes giving birth/number of mating ewes ×100, single lamb rate (%) = number of ewes with single lamb/number of ewes giving birth ×100, twinning lamb rate (%) = number of ewes with twins/number of ewes giving birth ×100, multi-lamb rate (%) = number of ewes birthing triple or more lambs/number of ewes giving birth ×100. Calculation of Drug Cost for Synchronized Estrus In all stages of seasonal oestrus cycle (non-cycling, transitional, cycling) under EU field conditions 4. Please note there is a small excess for despatch to Highlands and Islands and Isle of Wightas governed by your postcode. To obtain the best results with sponging, it is important to have the ewes weaned at least six weeks in advance and in body score of around 3.5. The results indicated that all ewes ovulated within 58 hours after removal of CIDR ® OVIS and administration of eCG.