Le Hénaff, M. et al. Coral mortality event in the Flower Garden Banks of the Gulf of Mexico in July 2016: Local hypoxia due to cross-shelf transport of coastal flood waters?. Cont. Shelf Res. 190, 103988 (2019). Keith Houston (2013). Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks. W.W. Norton & Company. p.121. ISBN 978-0-393-06442-1. Deoxygenation samples expressed transcripts annotated in association with a response to light (retinol dehydrogenase activity; GO:0004745), iron binding (ferric iron binding; GO:0008199), protein synthesis (isoleucine-tRNA ligase activity; GO:0004822), and immunity (innate immune response; GO:0002758). Examples of gene regulation included retinol dehydrogenase (RDH5 FC log2 = -1.19, FDR < 0.05), which is involved in photoreceptive reactions, and the iron-binding procollagen-lysine 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 1 (PLOD1 FC log2 = -1.05, FDR < 0.05) were both downregulated, whereas isoleucyl-tRNA aminoacylation (IARS FC log2 = 0.58, FDR < 0.05) and nuclear factor NF-kappaB (NFKB1 FC log2 = 0.37, FDR < 0.05) involved in protein synthesis and innate immunity signalling, respectively, were significantly upregulated. Of note, there were also significantly upregulated transcripts annotated to proteins associated with ROS-handling such as sulfite oxidase, peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 beta, peroxidase, d-amino acid oxidase, and glutathione peroxidase (FC log2 = 0.74, 0.68, 0.5, 3.66, and 0.58 respectively, FDR < 0.05). Under + 3 °C heating (33 °C), deoxygenated samples were mostly enriched with GO terms associated with immune responses (e.g., immunoglobulin mediated; GO:0016064) or stress signalling (e.g., MAP kinase activity; GO:0004708), while others included cell death (regulation of tumour necrosis factor; GO:0010803), cytoskeletal restructuring (actin cytoskeleton reorganization; GO:0031532), energy regulation (positive regulation of insulin secretion; GO:0032024), ROS activity (positive regulation of NO synthase; GO:0051770), and a response to light (melanosome; GO:0042470). Guillermic, M. et al. Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry. Sci. Adv. 7, eaba9958 (2021). Downs, C. A. et al. Oxidative stress and seasonal coral bleaching. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33, 533–543 (2002).

Using a hyphen with compound numbers or only numbers is relatively straightforward. Whenever we spell a number greater than twenty, we hyphenate it. For example: In addition to these two, there are some other general rules that are typically followed regarding compound words. Camp, E. et al. Mangrove lagoons of the Great Barrier Reef support coral populations persisting under extreme environmental conditions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 625, 1–14 (2019). Hyphenated compound words are two words that have evolved to be used together with a hyphen. We learn to hyphenate certain compounds through repeated use and practice. If you are unsure whether the combo needs a hyphen, refer to a renowned dictionary. Li, W. & Godzik, A. Cd-hit: A fast program for clustering and comparing large sets of protein or nucleotide sequences. Bioinformatics 22, 1658–1659 (2006).This section possibly contains original research. Almost nothing in this section is tied to reliable sources, and there's a great deal of prescriptivist punditry about "codification" of various "rules". Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( January 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Savary, R. et al. Fast and pervasive transcriptomic resilience and acclimation of extremely heat-tolerant coral holobionts from the northern Red Sea. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2023298118 (2021). Altieri, A. H. et al. Tropical dead zones and mass mortalities on coral reefs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 114, 3660–3665 (2017). Kenkel, C. D., Meyer, E. & Matz, M. V. Gene expression under chronic heat stress in populations of the mustard hill coral ( Porites astreoides) from different thermal environments. Mol. Ecol. 22, 4322–4334 (2013).

When flowing text, it is sometimes preferable to break a word into two so that it continues on another line rather than moving the entire word to the next line. The word may be divided at the nearest break point between syllables ( syllabification) and a hyphen inserted to indicate that the letters form a word fragment, rather than a full word. This allows more efficient use of paper, allows flush appearance of right-side margins ( justification) without oddly large word spaces, and decreases the problem of rivers. This kind of hyphenation is most useful when the width of the column (called the "line length" in typography) is very narrow. For example: Wroe, Ann, ed. (2015). The Economist Style Guide (11thed.). London / New York: Profile Books / PublicAffairs. p.74. hyphensThere is no firm rule to help you decide which words are run together, hyphenated or left separate. Now that we have understood what hyphens are let’s move on to when to use a hyphen. When to Use A HyphenChambers, Allied (2006). The Chambers Dictionary. Allied Publishers. p.xxxviii, §8. ISBN 978-8186062258 . Retrieved 28 November 2014.

An example of an ambiguous phrase appears in they stood near a group of alien lovers, which without a hyphen implies that they stood near a group of lovers who were aliens; they stood near a group of alien-lovers clarifies that they stood near a group of people who loved aliens, as "alien" can be either an adjective or a noun. On the other hand, in the phrase a hungry pizza-lover, the hyphen will often be omitted (a hungry pizza lover), as "pizza" cannot be an adjective and the phrase is therefore unambiguous. U+FE63 ﹣ SMALL HYPHEN-MINUS (compatibility character for a small hyphen-minus, used in East Asian typography) Hume, B. et al. Corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf as models for thermotolerant reef-builders: Prevalence of clade C3 Symbiodinium, host fluorescence and ex situ temperature tolerance. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 72, 313–322 (2013).Here, the mountain is the noun. Chocolate and covered are a pair of adjectives. But since they occur after the noun, we will not hyphenate them. The use of the hyphen in English compound nouns and verbs has, in general, been steadily declining. Compounds that might once have been hyphenated are increasingly left with spaces or are combined into one word. Reflecting this changing usage, in 2007, the sixth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary removed the hyphens from 16,000entries, such as fig-leaf (now fig leaf), pot-belly (now pot belly), and pigeon-hole (now pigeonhole). [10] The increasing prevalence of computer technology and the advent of the Internet have given rise to a subset of common nouns that might have been hyphenated in the past (e.g., toolbar, hyperlink, and pastebin). A hyphen can also be used to create an en dash and em dash in many word processors by doing two or three hyphens next to each other. Hyphen in a search

We often use the hyphen to break a word into two parts when there is no additional space to complete the term. Various sources dictate that we should use the hyphen to split syllables in case of shortage of space, but it is purely circumstantial and varies from person to person. For example:

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A minus symbol or a horizontal line indicates a decrease, remove, move up, or zoom out on software programs and hardware devices. In Microsoft Windows, the minus or underscore is also shown on the top-right side of a window to represent the minimize feature. Weis, V. M. Cellular mechanisms of Cnidarian bleaching: Stress causes the collapse of symbiosis. J. Exp. Biol. 211, 3059–3066 (2008). Gary Blake and Robert W. Bly, The Elements of Technical Writing, p. 48. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 1993. ISBN 0020130856 It is possible to use adverbs in compound words that use hyphens, such as in high-flying or up-close. However, we typically do not use a hyphen if a compound word begins with an adverb formed by adding -ly to the end of an adjective or participle. This rule applies even if it comes before a noun. For example,