Rothe DL (2010) Facilitating corruption and human rights violations: the role of international financial institutions. Crime, Law Soc Change 53(5):457–476 Kramer R, Michalowski R (2005) War, aggression, and state crime: a criminological analysis of the invasion and occupation of Iraq. British J Criminol 45:446–469 French pot from the south of France, of the type owned by Van Gogh, 19th century; and Gauguin’s Vincent van Gogh painting Sunflowers (December 1888) Pot: Martin Bailey, London; Gauguin: courtesy of the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation) 4. Why the crudely painted blue line? But what about the rest of the family collection? Surprisingly, there is nothing to suggest that Jo and her son Vincent ever discussed the possibility of establishing a museum. After many decades, it did eventually go ahead, with her son generously reaching an agreement with the Dutch state in 1962, leading to the opening of the Van Gogh Museum in 1973.

Martin, B. (1988) ‘Feminism, Criticism and Foucault’, in I. Diamond and L. Quigley (eds), Feminism and Foucault: Reflections on Resistance (Boston: Northeastern University Press). Rothe DL, Mullins CW (2008) Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity in Central Africa: a criminological exploration. In: Haveman R, Smeulers A (eds) Supranational criminology: towards a criminology of international crimes. Intersentia, Antwerp, pp 135–158 Friedrichs D (1996) Trusted criminals: white collar crime in contemporary society. Wadsworth, New YorkClaire Cooperstein, Johanna. A Novel of the Van Gogh Family. New York: Scribner Book Company 1995 ISBN 9780684802343 The second reason why a large number of workmen were obtainable was that the lords themselves began to produce commodities for city markets, especially wool and wood. This took fewer laborers than agriculture, but required more land, so that many peasants were driven from their farms and, like the others, went to swell the population of the cities. Kramer R , Michalowski R (1990) Toward an integrated theory of state-corporate crime. Presented at the American Society of Criminology, Baltimore Van Gogh’s Sunflowers (August 1888), in a plain white frame, and other works lent by Bonger to the Sonderbund exhibition, Cologne, 1912 Credit: Rheinisches Bildarchiv, Cologne

Simon J (2007) Governing through crime: how the war on crime transformed American democracy and created a culture of fear. Oxford University Press, Cambridge However, there is still one other way in which the surplus~value is increased, as I shall explain by what follows. Let us suppose the length of the working day to be twelve hours, and the time necessary for the production of the equivalent of the workman’s needs to be six hours. We can then represent the day as follows : Andries Bonger (20 May 1861 – 20 January 1936) was a Dutch art collector, as well as Johanna van Gogh-Bonger's brother and Theo van Gogh's friend, who later became his brother-in-law. Taylor, I. (1989)’ sociology and the condition of the English City’, inaugural lecture, Department of Sociology, University of Salford The revolution caused by the introduction of machines in one branch of industry necessitated its introduction into another, etc. The means of communication and of transportation were extended. The steamboat, the railroad, and the telegraph were invented. Because of important inventions in the manufacture of machines it finally became possible to produce the necessary quantity of machines of all kinds.Theo died six months after his older brother Vincent's death, leaving Andries's sister Jo holding the letters of Vincent to Theo and in control of Vincent's artwork. Andries believed that his younger sister should not have sole say about what became of these remnants of her marriage and attempted to exert his influence over her. She resisted and the close of the siblings were at odds. Andries managed the sales of some of Vincent's artwork whose sale Jo authorized. In 1892, he returned to the Netherlands after taking a job with an insurance company based in Hilversum. Around this time, Bonger started collecting art, especially works by Odilon Redon and Émile Bernard, who were his friends. [1] He also owned works by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne. [3] He is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery in Amsterdam. In February 1924, as the sale was concluded, Jo’s son Vincent recorded that his mother had finished the translation, “but so far no English publisher was sufficiently interested”. He then added: “No doubt the recent exhibition and the pictures in the National Gallery will stimulate… the interest in Van Gogh.”

The aim of the capitalist is to procure for himself as large a surplus-value as possible. He can attain his end at once by forcing the laborer to work as long a time as it is possible for him to work. From this springs the irreconcilable conflict between the interests of the proletariat and those of capital, the combat over the length of the working-day. The day has its natural limits (it is necessary that certain hours be left to the workman for food and rest), its legal limits (decreed too late by the state, driven on one side by the workers themselves, and on the other by the plain certainty that without this protection the working class would become enfeebled), and finally its limits fixed by the pressure of the labor unions. Vincent, the artist, committed suicide in July 1890 and six months later Theo died of what was probably syphilis, in terrible agony. Only one painting is certain to have been sold during Vincent’s lifetime, so the overwhelming majority of his surviving works passed first to Theo and then soon afterwards to Jo and her infant son. From then onwards, Jo devoted the rest of her life to her two Vincents: her son and the memory of her brother-in-law. Let us suppose now that the process of production has a normal course, that is to say, that it comes out as the capitalist wishes. He has begun with a sum, A, and ends by possessing A + a. We must now explain this surplus a, which, in the terminology of capitalistic production, is called surplus-value. The surplus obtained from the labor of slaves is easily explained. The owner leaves the slaves a part of the product of their own labor to live on. The rest is his. His surplus springs from the labor of others. The relation of the serf and his lord is, if possible, even clearer. The serf works part of the week for himself and on the remaining days for his master. The explanation of the surplus produced by capital employed at usury or in primitive commerce (the most ancient forms under which capital was employed) no longer offer any great difficulties. The usurer appropriated to himself the possessions of the borrower little by little and so ruined him completely. The primitive merchant made himself a surplus by selling dear something that he had bought at a trivial price, a transaction which involved no increase in value. Now it is just this increase in value that is to be explained upon the basis of the law that things of equal value are exchanged, and not, as in the cases cited above, upon the exceptions to the law.

Hvis du skal til at købe din første bong, så kan du med fordel tjekke vores guide ud lige her >>> Alt hvad du har behov for at vide om bonger Economic crises, that is to say, periods in which the economic life is greatly disturbed, are due to various circumstances; for example, to a war which puts obstacles in the way of the regular continuance of international commerce. But aside from such causes there are others which are natural to the present economic system itself, and which bring on these crises periodically. It is these causes, which are the more important, of which it is necessary to treat here. The contract is made; the proletariat on the one side furnishes the commodity – labor – and the capitalist on the other gives the equivalent of it. Now how much must be given for this commodity? In other words what is the value of the labor delivered? The value of a commodity is determined by the labor-time socially necessary for its production, in this case necessary for the proletarian and his family to live; for the workman being mortal, and capital having need of new forces, the wage must be sufficient to raise a new generation of workers. The standard of the workman’s needs is subject to variation according to time and place (the causes of which variation we need not examine here), but it is fixed for a certain country, time, and category of workers.

Photographs of Jo Bonger with her son Vincent, 1892 (left); and with her grandsons Theo and Johan on her lap, 1922 (right) Credit: Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (Vincent van Gogh Foundation) van Dijk, J. (1989) ‘Penal Sanctions and the Process of Civilisation’, International Annals of Criminology, vol. 27, pp. 191–294. Det er muligt at lave en simpel bong derhjemme ved hjælp af nogle få materialer. Her kan du lære hvordan du laver din egen flaskebong (også kaldet fængselsbong), hvis du f.eks. skulle have været så uheldig at smadre din eneste glasbong. First, There must have been a division of labor; for there would be no point in the exchange of identical products. The objects to be exchanged are those which have no immediate usefulness for the person who possesses them, while they are useful to those who do not possess them.Når du vælger en bong, er der flere faktorer, du skal overveje. Først og fremmest er størrelsen vigtig. Mindre bonge er nemmere at transportere, mens større bonge ofte giver en mere behagelig rygeoplevelse. Du skal også tage højde for materialet bongen er lavet af. Glasbonger er populære på grund af deres holdbarhed og rene smag, mens akryl- og silikonebonger er mere overkommelige og lette at transportere. En anden faktor at overveje er, hvor meget perkolering bongen har. Perkolering er processen, hvor vandet filtrerer og køler røgen, og jo mere perkolering en bong har, jo mere filtrering og køling vil du få. Derudover er designet og formen også vigtige faktorer at overveje. Nogle bonger har specielle funktioner, som f.eks. isterninge-holder eller indbygget percolatoe, mens andre har mere unikke design, som f.eks. formen af en enhjørning. Hvordan bruger man en bong? Vi har sørget for et nøje udvalgt sortiment, så vi kan sikre os at vi har hvad vores kunder efterspørger. Derfor finder du forskellige udgaver af glasbonger, akrylbonger og silikonebonger. Vi har et udvalg af små billige bonger, samt et udvalg af større og mere eksklusive bonger. Bongen har eksisteret i århundreder og har en rig historie. Oprindeligt blev bongen brugt i Asien, især i Kina, hvor den blev brugt til at ryge tobak. Det var først senere, at bongen blev brugt til at ryge andre urter, såsom cannabis. Bongen er også kendt som en vandpibe, og dens navn stammer fra det thailandske ord "baung", som betyder "rør". I dag er bongen blevet et kulturelt ikon og bruges af mennesker over hele verden. Hvordan fungerer en bong?