In 1756, nawab Siraj ud-Daulah sought to rein in the rising power of the British East India Company by revoking their free trade rights and demanding the dismantling of their fortification in Calcutta. A military conflict culminated in the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757. [85] Robert Clive exploited rivalries within the nawab's family, bribing Mir Jafar, the nawab's uncle and commander in chief, to ensure Siraj-ud-Daula's defeat. [86] [87] Clive rewarded Mir Jafar by making him nawab in place of Siraj-ud-Daula, but henceforth the position was a figurehead appointed and controlled by the company. [88] [89] Historians often describe the battle as "the beginning of British colonial rule in South Asia". [90] Jamaat leader's hanging in Bangladesh 'saddens' Nisar". Dawn. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 2013-12-18. As a result of Pakistan's reactions, Bangladesh summoned the Pakistani High Commissioner, conveying its displeasure at Pakistan's interference in its internal matters. [23] Bangladesh conveyed its displeasure at the National Assembly statement, Punjab Provincial Assembly statement, as well as the remarks by Pakistan's Interior Minister. [25] Protesters in Bangladesh also took to the streets to express their displeasure by marching towards the Pakistan High Commission in Dhaka. [26] 2015–2016: Diplomatic rifts [ edit ] Geography and Map of Bangladesh". About.com Geography. Archived from the original on 2016-08-11 . Retrieved 2015-09-19.

Ghosh, Suchandra (2012). "Pundravardhana". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Seconded.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is divided into eight administrative divisions, [210] [209] [211] each named after their respective divisional headquarters: Barisal (officially Barishal [212]), Chittagong (officially Chattogram [212]), Dhaka, Khulna, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Sylhet. The Mughal Empire controlled Bengal by the 17th century. Musa Khan of Bengal, the last independent ruler of Sonargaon after resisting Mughal conquest for several years on 10 July 1610 was defeated and dethroned by Islam Khan Chishti, the army general of Mughal Emperor Jahangir. Islam Khan Chisty became the first Mughal Subahdar of Bengal. After his defeat Musa Khan became loyal to the Mughal Empire. He actively participated in the conquest of Tripura and the suppression of revolt in Kamrup. [71] When the newly independent country of Bangladesh was born on December 16, 1971, it was the second poorest country in the world—making the country's transformation over the next 50 years one of the great development stories. Since then, poverty has been cut in half at record speed. Enrolment in primary school is now nearly universal. Hundreds of thousands of women have entered the workforce. Steady progress has been made on maternal and child health. And the country is better buttressed against the destructive forces posed by climate change and natural disasters. Bangladesh's success comprises many moving parts—from investing in human capital to establishing macroeconomic stability. Building on this success, the country is now setting the stage for further economic growth and job creation by ramping up investments in energy, inland connectivity, urban projects, and transport infrastructure, as well as focusing on climate change adaptation and disaster preparedness on its path toward sustainable growth. [320] Chittagong has the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal.Bengali literature is a millennium-old tradition; the Charyapadas are the earliest examples of Bengali poetry. Sufi spiritualism inspired many Bengali Muslim writers. During the Bengal Sultanate, medieval Bengali writers were influenced by Arabic and Persian works. Sultans of Bengal patronized Bengali literature. Examples include the writings of Maladhar Basu, Bipradas Pipilai, Vijay Gupta, and Yasoraj Khan. The Chandidas are notable lyric poets from the early Medieval Age. Syed Alaol was the bard of Middle Bengali literature. The Bengal Renaissance shaped modern Bengali literature, including novels, short stories, and science fiction. Rabindranath Tagore was the first non-European laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature and is described as the Bengali Shakespeare. [425] Kazi Nazrul Islam was a revolutionary poet who espoused political rebellion against colonialism and fascism. Begum Rokeya is regarded as the pioneer feminist writer of Bangladesh. [426] Other renaissance icons included Michael Madhusudan Dutt and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay.

In December 2013, Bangladeshi Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami Islamist leader Abdul Quader Molla, dubbed the "butcher of Mirpur", [21] was executed in Bangladesh for war crimes. [22] Following the execution, the lower house National Assembly of Pakistan issued a statement condemning execution, claiming it to be politically motivated. [23] Pakistan's Interior Minister expressed sadness that Molla was executed for his "loyalty towards Pakistan". [24]Main articles: Geography of Bangladesh §Climate, and Climate change in Bangladesh Flooding after the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone, which killed around 140,000people Alam, Shafiqul (2012). "Mahasthan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Seconded.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. The Dominion of Pakistan was created on 14 August 1947. East Bengal, with Dhaka as its capital, was the most populous province of the 1947 Pakistani federation (led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who promised freedom of religion and secular democracy in the new state). [113] [114] Pakistan and Bangladesh are both South Asian Muslim-majority countries. [1] [2] Following the end of British rule in India, the two countries formed a single state for 24 years. [3] The Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Pakistan (formerly West Pakistan) recognized Bangladesh in 1974 after pressure from across the world. [4] Today, bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan are considered to be cordial.

Rummel, Rudolph J., "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900", ISBN 3-8258-4010-7, Chapter 8, Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates, Sources, and Calculations: lowest estimate 2 million said by Pakistan (reported by Aziz, Qutubuddin. Blood and tears Karachi: United Press of Pakistan, 1974. pp. 74,226), all the other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one (Johnson, B. L. C. Bangladesh. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1975. pp. 73,75) that "could have been" 12 million. Lailufar Yasmin. "Struggle for the Soul of Bangladesh". Institute for Global Change . Retrieved 10 January 2022. In his history of Bangladesh, Craig Baxter gives a general assessment of the relations between both countries: Keay, John (2000). India: A History. Atlantic Monthly Press. p.220. ISBN 978-0-87113-800-2. In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.Bangladesh is the second largest economy in South Asia after India. [199] [200] The country has outpaced India and Pakistan in terms of per capita income. [201] [200] According to the World Bank, Bangladesh is a de jure representative democracy under its constitution, with a Westminster-style parliamentary republic that has universal suffrage. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who forms a government every five years. The President invites the leader of the largest party in parliament to become Prime Minister. [240] Sircar, D.C. (1971) [First published 1960]. Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India (2nded.). Motilal Banarsidass. p.135. ISBN 978-81-208-0690-0 . Retrieved 19 April 2016.

Further information: Bengali cuisine Traditional Bangladeshi meals: shorshe ilish, Dhakaiya biryani and pitha Main articles: Museums in Bangladesh and List of libraries in Bangladesh The Varendra Research Museum in Rajshahi is the oldest surviving museum in Bangladesh. Main article: Religion in Bangladesh Baitul Mukarram National Mosque Buddha Dhatu Jadi, the largest Theravada Buddhist temple in Bangladesh

People and Society

The Bengal Sultan after 1534 allowed the Portuguese to create several settlements at Chitagoong, Satgaon, [92] Hughli, Bandel, and Dhaka. In 1535, the Portuguese allied with the Bengal sultan and held the Teliagarhi pass 280 kilometres (170mi) from Patna helping to avoid the invasion by the Mughals. By then several of the products came from Patna and the Portuguese send in traders, establishing a factory there in 1580. [93] The region accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia. [73] In 1666, the Mughal government of Bengal led by viceroy Shaista Khan moved to retake Chittagong from Portuguese and Arakanese control. The Anglo-Mughal War was witnessed in 1686. [94] [95] Company rule Charles Cornwallis was responsible for enacting the Permanent Settlement. The architectural traditions of Bangladesh have a 2,500-year-old heritage. [430] Terracotta architecture is a distinct feature of Bengal. Pre-Islamic Bengali architecture reached its pinnacle in the Pala Empire when the Pala School of Sculptural Art established grand structures such as the Somapura Mahavihara. Islamic architecture began developing under the Bengal Sultanate, when local terracotta styles influenced medieval mosque construction.