The inner jaw also does not appear to be permanently rigid organ — when Ripley 8 tore one from a deceased Cloned Xenomorph aboard the USM Auriga, it was flaccid; this would imply that the organ is only rigid when the creature is alive or, more likely, when it is used offensively. Thus the pause typically observed before the Xenomorph strikes with its inner jaw may be the creature hardening it for deadly effect. simulate To deceive in some way by imitating the form or function of something. A simulated dietary fat, for instance, may deceive the mouth that it has tasted a real fat because it has the same feel on the tongue — without having any calories. A simulated sense of touch may fool the brain into thinking a finger has touched something even though a hand may no longer exists and has been replaced by a synthetic limb. (in computing) To try and imitate the conditions, functions or appearance of something. Computer programs that do this are referred to as simulations. de Lussanet, M. H. E.; Muller, M. (2007). "The smaller your mouth, the longer your snout: predicting the snout length of Syngnathus acus, Centriscus scutatus and other pipette feeders". J. R. Soc. Interface. 4 (14): 561–573. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2006.0201. PMC 2373409. PMID 17251161. newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\) Venom - Many smaller predators such as the box jellyfish use venom to subdue their prey, and venom can also aid in digestion (as is the case for rattlesnakes and some spiders). The marbled sea snake that has adapted to egg predation has atrophied venom glands, and the gene for its three-finger toxin contains a mutation (the deletion of two nucleotides) that inactivates it. These changes are explained by the fact that its prey does not need to be subdued.

Collar, David C.; Reece, Joshua S.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Mehta, Rita S. (June 2014). "Imperfect Morphological Convergence: Variable Changes in Cranial Structures Underlie Transitions to Durophagy in Moray Eels". The American Naturalist. 183 (6): E168–E184. doi: 10.1086/675810. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 24823828. S2CID 17433961. S. Perkins. Early tyrannosaurs would have feared this predator. Science News for Students. December 9, 2013. It’s distinct from “freezing” when a predator approaches. Organisms do that to keep quiet and hide, but they are ready and able to move fast if they are detected. In thanatosis, the body cannot move, so many scientists refer to the phenomenon as “tonic immobility.” (“Tonic,” in this context, relating to muscle “tone” and referring to a prolonged contraction of muscles.)computer model A program that runs on a computer that creates a model, or simulation, of a real-world feature, phenomenon or event. For detecting prey, predators have well-developed vision, smell, or hearing. Predators as diverse as owls and jumping spiders have forward-facing eyes, providing accurate binocular vision over a relatively narrow field of view, whereas prey animals often have less acute all-round vision. Animals such as foxes can smell their prey even when it is concealed under 2 feet (60 cm) of snow or earth. Many predators have acute hearing, and some such as echolocating bats hunt exclusively by active or passive use of sound. Gemmell, B. J.; Sheng, J.; Buskey, E. J. (2013). "Morphology of seahorse head hydrodynamically aids in capture of evasive prey". Nature Communications. 4: 2840. Bibcode: 2013NatCo...4.2840G. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3840. PMID 24281430. S2CID 205321320. paleobiology The study of organisms that lived in ancient times — especially geologically ancient periods, such as the dinosaur era.

In suspension feeding, the water flow is primarily external and the particles themselves move with respect to the ambient water flow, such as in sea lilies. The inner jaw is capable of extending up to half a meter from the creature's head, [2] although typically it is used only at close quarters. The piston-like appendage is incredibly powerful, easily capable of punching a hole through bone and even metal; [3] [4] striking force has been estimated at between 70-100PSI. [5] Next, he linked the skull and jaw in each model with simulated muscles. Unlike real muscles, the virtual ones in the computer model were simple cylinders. They could stretch from one point on the skull to another point on the jaw. Little direct information exists on dinosaur muscles, so Lautenschlager used data that had been gleaned from birds and crocodiles. These creatures are among dinosaurs’ closest living relatives. Many factors can stabilize predator and prey populations. One example is the presence of multiple predators, particularly generalists that are attracted to a given prey species if it is abundant and look elsewhere if it is not. As a result, population cycles tend to be found in northern temperate and subarctic ecosystems because the food webs are simpler. The snowshoe hare-lynx system is subarctic, but even this involves other predators, including coyotes, goshawks and great horned owls, and the cycle is reinforced by variations in the food available to the hares.A simple model of a system with one species each of predator and prey, the Lotka–Volterra equations, predicts population cycles. However, attempts to reproduce the predictions of this model in the laboratory have often failed; for example, when the protozoan Didinium nasutum is added to a culture containing its prey, Paramecium caudatum, the latter is often driven to extinction. Versatility: A call that can make multiple sounds means you won’t need to switch to a different call as often, making for less movement and noise that will give you away.

Tyrannosaurus rex A top-predator dinosaur that roamed Earth during the late Cretaceous period. Adults could be 12 meters (40 feet) long. Everyone keeps asking "how do i make a grusderk system on my mask?", Grusderk instructions are rare and most of them are in spanish so if you can translate them go ahead and make one. If not i have an easy solution that is not as effective as the grusderk method but is alot easier. In contrast, E. andrewsi could open its jaws, at most, about 49 degrees, the new analysis suggests. That helps bolster the idea that this dinosaur was a plant eater, Lautenschlager notes. “You don’t need a wide gape to grab leaves.”

Some lifeforms infected with Chemical A0-3959X.91 – 15 also developed inner jaws, such as the kopats of Shānmén.