The urine is then collected in a clean urine specimen cup while the patient is urinating. It is best to avoid collecting the initial stream of urine. After the initial part of urine is disposed of in the toilet, then the urine is collected in the urine container provided. Once about 30 mL to 60 mL (roughly 3 to 5 tablespoons) are collected in the container for testing, the remainder of the urine may be voided in the toilet again. This is called the midstream clean catch urine collection. Baillie L, Arrowsmith V (2005) Meeting elimination needs. In: Baillie L (ed) Developing Practical Nursing Skills. London: Hodder Arnold.

The presence of myoglobin in urine gives a positive reaction in the test strip's blood test but the urine appears clear with a red to brown colouration. The presence of myoglobin in place of hemoglobin can be caused by pathologies associated with muscular damage ( rhabdomyolysis), such as trauma, crush syndrome, prolonged coma, convulsions, progressive muscular atrophy, alcoholism, heroin abuse and strenuous physical activity.

Nutrition and Healthy Living

a b c Strasinger, Susan K.; Di Lorenzo Schaub, Marjorie (2008). "5". Análisis de orina y de los líquidos corporales (in Spanish) (5ªed.). Editorial panamericana. pp.56–57. ISBN 978-950-06-1938-7 . Retrieved 13 March 2012.

Mid-stream urine (MSU): used to obtain urine for bacterial culture. First and last part of urine stream is voided into the toilet to avoid contaminating the specimen with organisms presenting on the skin; The test for leukocyte esterase is purely indicative and should not be solely relied on for diagnosis, as it does not replace microscopic or urine culture examinations. [19] Red urine: can be caused by the presence of blood in the urine (macroscopic haematuria), porphyria, drugs such as rifampicin and certain foods (e.g. beetroot). Combining the results of leukocyte (WBC) and nitrite is a better predictor of the presence or absence of urinary tract infection, than any one test parameter alone. 2Dip your TestCard UTI strip into your sample. Using the TestCard app on your phone, scan the QR code on the UTI strip hour urine collection of catecholamine metabolites (in evaluating adrenal gland disease, difficult to treat high blood pressure). William Cumberland Cruikshank (1745–1800) described for the first time the property of coagulation on heating, exhibited by many urines. The presence of glucose in the urine (glycosuria) is suggestive of diabetes mellitus and would warrant further investigation with capillary blood glucose and serum HbA1C. a b c Strasinger, Susan K.; Di Lorenzo Schaub, Marjorie (2008). "5". Análisis de orina y de los líquidos corporales (in Spanish) (5ªed.). Editorial panamericana. pp.75–76. ISBN 978-950-06-1938-7 . Retrieved 14 March 2012.

The presence of blood in the urine is, of all the parameters normally tested, the one that is most closely related with traumatic damage to the kidneys or the genitourinary tract. The most common causes of hematuria are: nephrolithiasis, glomerular disease, tumours, pyelonephritis, exposure to nephrotoxins, and treatment with anticoagulants. Non-pathological hematuria can be observed after strenuous exercise and during menstruation. The normal number of red blood cells in urine should not usually exceed 3 per high power field. [13] Hemoglobin and myoglobin testing [ edit ] Microphotograph of a macroscopic hematuria, the biconcave form of the red blood cells is clearly visible, it is rare to find examples in such a well conserved condition. a hot water bottle or hot wheat bag placed between your thighs or on your lower stomach can help ease discomfort or pain Causes of low specific gravity include conditions that result in the production of dilute urine such as diabetes insipidus and acute tubular necrosis.False positive reactions can be due to unusual pigments in the urine (for example, yellowy orange phenazopyridine metabolites, indican and the metabolites of the medicine Lodine ( Etodolac)). False negatives can also be given by poorly stored samples as the bilirubin is photosensitive and undergoes photo oxidation to biliverdin when it is exposed to light, or hydrolysis of the glucuronide can occur producing free bilirubin which is less reactive. [6] Urobilinogen test [ edit ] In many liver diseases the patients often show signs of pathology only at a late stage. Early diagnosis allows appropriate therapeutic measures to be instituted in good time, avoiding consequential damage and further infections. The presence of increased levels of urobilinogen in the urine can be caused by haemolysis (e.g. haemolytic anaemia, malaria).