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of contemporary psychedelia, weaving images borne of widespread fascination with shamanic practices, organic psychedelics, and goddess-oriented Cameron, L.P.; Nazarian, A.; Olson, D.E. Psychedelic Microdosing: Prevalence and Subjective Effects. J. Psychoact. Drugs 2020, 52, 113–122. Hirst, M. (2000). Root, dream and myth. The use of the oneirogenic plant Silene capensis among the Xhosa of South Africa. Eleusis: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds 4, 121-49. psychedelic research has cast her as an important resource to the psychedelic community, and she is in growing demand as a public speaker on the Schooler, N.; Rabinowitz, J.; Davidson, M.; Emsley, R.; Harvey, P.D.; Kopala, L.; McGorry, P.D.; Van Hove, I.; Eerdekens, M.; Swyzen, W.; et al. Risperidone and haloperidol in first-episode psychosis: A long-term randomized trial. Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162, 947–953.thoughts they entertained in consequence were far-reaching and ultrapractical. The manifesto coming out of that evening's work was the "Yippie Levine, J. (1968). Psychopharmacology: Implications for psi research. In Psi and Altered States of Consciousness: Proceedings of an International Conference on Hypnosis, Drugs, Dreams, and Psi, ed. by R. Cavanna & M. Ullman, 88-106. New York: Parapsychology Foundation. of not-so-well-explored potential applications. The polemics which succeeded the Harvard furor in 1963and 1964were definitely absent. Dos Santos, R.G.; Bouso, J.C.; Rocha, J.M.; Rossi, G.N.; Hallak, J.E. The use of classic hallucinogens/psychedelics in a therapeutic context: Healthcare policy opportunities and challenges. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy 2021, 14, 901. Lieberman, J.A.; Tollefson, G.; Tohen, M.; Green, A.I.; Gur, R.E.; Kahn, R.; McEvoy, J.; Perkins, D.; Sharma, T.; Zipursky, R.; et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of atypical and conventional antipsychotic drugs in first-episode psychosis: A randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus haloperidol. Am. J. Psychiatry 2003, 160, 1396–1404.

Where specified, the relationship with paranormal experiences, belief in the paranormal, transliminality, and tolerance of ambiguity is much reduced with cocaine, heroin, and alcohol, compared to psychedelics, perhaps reflecting Metzner’s classification of these former substances as consciousness-contracting drugs. 27 The same is also true for the negative relationship with the fear of psi and use of psychedelics, which is not apparent with heroin and actually reversed with alcohol, although replication and analyses for specific classes of drugs is needed to confirm this. 28 Wezelman, R., & Bierman, D. J. (1997). Process orientated ganzfeld research in Amsterdam. Proceedings of the 40th Parapsychology Association Annual Convention held in conjunction with the Society for Psychical Research 477-92. Palmer, J. (1978). Extrasensory perception: Research findings. In Advances in Parapsychological Research: 2 Extrasensory Perception ed. by S. Krippner, 59-243). New York: Plenum Press. Barker, S.A.; McIlhenny, E.H.; Strassman, R. A critical review of reports of endogenous psychedelic N, N-dimethyltryptamines in humans: 1955–2010. Drug Test. Anal. 2012, 4, 617–635. Considering aspects of timing, several authors have offered advice, though no formal studies have been conducted. Both Ryzl 74 and Grof 75 suggested that the optimum period for testing psi with LSD was towards the end of the session, when the effects were levelling off – as in the Masters and Houston 76 experiments. However Pahnke 77 disagreed. As regards to the duration of the psi-task, in preference to the extended test periods favoured by some researchers, 78 Osis 79 suggested twenty minutes as the maximum for optimum performance.Comes, A.L.; Papiol, S.; Mueller, T.; Geyer, P.E.; Mann, M.; Schulze, T.G. Proteomics for blood biomarker exploration of severe mental illness: Pitfalls of the past and potential for the future. Transl. Psychiatry 2018, 8, 160. compounds have been synthesized, tested, and distributed, both in scientific circles and within the psychedelic "underground." Many of those who Wang, Z.; Gerstein, M.; Snyder, M. RNA-Seq: A revolutionary tool for transcriptomics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2009, 10, 57–63. In the decades following his invention of LSD,Sandoz Pharmaceuticals chemist Albert Hofmann, Ph.D., continued to synthesize many Even though the subjective paranormal experiences, clinical observations and anthropological reports are subject to all the usual criticisms and rebuttals that apply to non-experimental cases 124 there is a growing body of reports, rooted in thousands of years of traditional psychedelic use, that supports the notion that genuine psi phenomena do occur in psychedelic states. As evidence these data are not scientifically rigorous, but they have great value in mapping the phenomenological terrain of psi experiences with psychedelics. This body of reports is further supported by correlations from surveys linking psychedelic use with the increased reporting of psi experiences and belief in psi and the paranormal, although self-reports have more phenomenological merit than evidential value. Furthermore, even though it can be considered little more than exploratory at this stage, the experimental evidence is mostly positive and proves promising so far, illuminating both methodological pitfalls and possibilities.

Kyzar, E.J.; Nichols, C.D.; Gainetdinov, R.R.; Nichols, D.E.; Kalueff, A.V. Psychedelic Drugs in Biomedicine. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2017, 38, 992–1005. the planet: to bond with the Earth. So developing their Earthconnection through the medium of the mushroom-the Earth's A wealth of reports attests to the spontaneous occurrence of ostensible psi phenomena with the use of psychedelic substances, but such experiences are not necessarily genuine psi events. Aside from the usual arguments for and against spontaneous phenomena as evidence for the paranormal, 19 the fact that respondents had consumed a vision-inducing substance may be considered reason to question the accuracy of their perception and the interpretation of their experiences – at least for cases that are not substantiated by evidence or independent observers. Nevertheless, Shanon 20 pointed out that the usual definitions of hallucination in the psychological literature fail to adequately encompass the diverse and complex nature of experiences that occur with psychedelics, nor can assumptions be made about the ontology (the reality) of such psychedelic-induced visions. Indeed, it is common for people who have had ostensibly paranormal psychedelic experiences to emphasise how real they felt, more real even than ordinary waking experience. 21 Empirical research is needed to validate these claims. Surveys of Paranormal Belief and Experience in Relation to Drug Use Brown, D.J. (2012). LSD & ESP: Scientists study psychic phenomena and psychedelic drugs. Santa Cruz Patch (online, 9 June, link defunct). psychologically astute, satirical, and occasionally mind-blowing literaryoccult sleight-of-hand. After a few years of sojourn in Ireland, he nowMüller, C.P.; Pum, M.E.; Schumann, G.; Huston, J.P. The role of serotonin in drug addiction. In Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2010; Volume 21, pp. 507–545. ISBN 1569-7339. Osmond coined "psychedelic" as a better way of saying what "hallucinogenic" and "psychotomimetic" had been used to say before. Unfortunately,