The neurons of the sympathetic division are attached to the thoracic and lumbar regions in the spinal cord. This and the oblique angle at which the esophagus connects to the stomach explains why horses cannot vomit. There are also new chapters on the eye, abdomen, female reproduction, ultrasonography and orthopaedics. He positioned his subject laterally to best display its musculoskeletal system, unique markings, and athletic build.

Then, with these plates, I began to understand the shape and make of the horse, and while I was full of enthusiasm and acquiring fresh knowledge came another event, all to the good. Adenohypophysis produces growth hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and prolactin. Smooth muscles are found in many places, such as the bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, kidneys, etc. Now, being older and knowing all there is to know of this great artist, through reading and looking at his work, I begin to realise what an in- defatigable colossus Stubbs was.This book was a milestone in equine veterinary publishing, and it was evident there were direct parallels in early human and horse medicine. The horse’s small intestine is approximately 70 feet long, comprising 30% of the total digestive system. in) in diameter with longitudinal folds on the interior surface, it can expand to allow the passage of the foal. The oesophagus is a narrow tube-like structure that runs between the pharynx and the stomach which carries food between these two organs.

Already acknowledged by students and teachers as an essential resource for learning and revision, the sixth edition is a valuable reference for veterinary practitioners and for those who own and work with horses. Too abrupt a change in diet can cause colic, which is a broad term used to describe abdominal pain in horses, much like a stomachache in humans.Statistical cookies collect anonymous information about users, such as the number of visitors, sources of links, etc. It is made up of the teeth, the hard palate, the soft palate, the tongue and related muscles, the cheeks and the lips.

Spavin – or bone spavin, the most serious and incurable fault – it is a bone growth, which often deforms the joint and causes knitting of small bones, which makes the horse unable to move.George Stubbs is best known as a painter of horses, but he was also an innovator in anatomy and a self-taught engraver. Traumatic injuries involving a joint should be treated as an emergency; if the joint has been penetrated infection can quickly set in, leading to inflammation and lameness.

Diagonal hoof – one of the walls is either perpendicular or concave as a result of a faulty posture. The horse's head – namely, its proportions in regards to the rest of the horse's body – differs depending on the animal's race and type.

Abnormal wear of the teeth, caused by conformational defects, abnormal behaviors, or improper diets, can cause serious health issues and can even result in the death of the horse. His remarkably clear, detailed and accurate drawings did act as a kind of advertisement of his skill, and launched his career. The major functions of the hindgut are the microbial digestion (fermentation) of dietary fiber (structural carbohydrates primarily from forages in the horse’s diet).