Hyperspectral sensors collect image data across dozens if not hundreds of spectral bands, combining the technology of spectroscopy and remote imaging. The measurements captured by hyperspectral sensors make it possible to derive a contiguous spectrum for each image pixel. In other words for each x, y coordinate of an image (i.e., a pixel), rather than a single value for a gray or visible color, there is a third dimension--a vector, providing distinct information for that particular pixel across the large spectrum of wavelengths. HELSINKI — China added its initially civilian Gaofen Earth observation series Friday with the launch of the classified optical geostationary Gaofen-13 (02) satellite. August 2015: The GF-1 spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally after more than 2 years on orbit. GF-1 has served a wide range of applications covering many topics. The typical applications with high resolution and wide swath satellite data include: 11) To strengthen the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy, we aim to establish CHEOS as “space-eye” project, innovative project and application project.

Thus far, the satellite has provided data on the Lushan earthquake in Sichuan, floods in northeastern China and the smog in northern and eastern China during the test period. It also provided Pakistan with images after an earthquake in the country on September 24, 2013. Gaofen-1 satellite goes into service," Xinhua, Dec. 31, 2013, URL: http://www.shanghaidaily.com/national/Gaofen1-satellite-goes-into-service/shdaily.shtml In 2010, the Chinese government approved to implement CHEOS (China High-resolution Earth Observation System), which is an extension of the HDEOS program. The CHEOS series will consist of seven optical/microwave satellites. EOSDC-CNSA (Earth Observation System and Data Center - China National Space Administration) is responsible for organizing the construction of the CHEOS program. The CHEOS program comprises the elements of the spaceborne system, the near-space system, aerial system, the ground system and application system as a whole to realize Earth observation at high temporal, spatial and spectral resolution. 2) 3) 4) The GF-1 spacecraft and its payload are operating nominally in September 2016. Its data are widely used in the fields of land dynamic monitoring, mineral resources exploring, environment monitoring, disaster monitoring and mitigation, etc. 10) Multi-spectral sensing systems such as the Landsat Thematic Mapper remote imager and weather satellites produce images with a few relatively broad wavelength bands. The imager may capture a visual spectrum image and also one in infrared, but still they are limited in their ability to perceive information that may otherwise be present in a different part of the spectrum.Figure 5: Image of the Dubai International Airport of UAE, acquired on August 12, 2014 with the GF-2 spacecraft (image credit: CAST) CHEOS) was approved in 2010 and was initially planned to consist of seven Gaofen satellites and a near space and airborne system and a ground segment, according to China National Space Administration (CNSA) presentations to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA).

In addition, GF-2 features some onboard intelligent health monitoring and self-management capabilities, including autonomous battery charging control, a battery discharge depth safety guard, payload subsystems start/stop control etc., which provide a better control for the batteries, momentum wheel, control moment gyros, solar array drive mechanism and data transmission antennas- in particular a better balance between the work strength and stress environment, avoiding early failure problem occurrences, and ensuring the longevity goals to meet the design requirements. According to the project information, GF-2 has a spatial resolution of 0.8 m and a multispectral resolution of 3.2 m. In addition to the image data, auxiliary image data, and bus service system telemetry data can also be stored in the solid state memory and transferred to a ground station in all three working modes. According to the amount of transferred data and the location of a ground station, all above modes can downlink transfer to a single ground station, or dual stations relay, or to a mobile station, which enhances greatly the efficiency of the satellite. Cunling Lu, Zhaoguang Bai, Changjun Li, Damin Li, "GF-1 satellite high resolution & wide swath system design and technology characteristics," Proceedings of the 65 th International Astronautical Congress (IAC 2014), Toronto, Canada, Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 2014, paper: IAC-14-B4.4.2 Gaofen-2, employs the CS-L3000A bus, it is configured with one 1 m Pan/4 m MS camera, the design life is greater than 5 years. sent into space on 19 August 2014, with a resolution of 0.8 meters in full color and can collect multispectral images of objects 3.2 meters or longer in length. GF-2 was launched on a Long March-4B vehicle from TSLC (Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center), China.

The civilian HDEOS (High-Definition Earth Observation Satellite) program was proposed in 2006, it received government approval and was initiated in 2010. China planned to launch six HDEOS spacecraft between 2013 and 2016. The main goal of the HDEOS series was to provide NRT (Near-Real-Time) observations for disaster prevention and relief, climate change monitoring, geographical mapping, environment and resource surveying, as well as for precision agriculture support. The major users of the observation data will be the Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Environmental Protection, and the Ministry of Agriculture. Being China's first LEO remote sensing satellite with 5~8 years of design life, GF-2 features several smart health monitoring and onboard troubleshooting capabilities. These include: electronic components with high ionizing radiation TID (Total Ionizing Dose) and high-energy charged particles, SEE (Single Event Effect) immunity and raw materials with long duration adaptability for high and low temperature recycling and ultra violet environment. Comprehensive experimental verification for key devices like battery, gyroscope, camera, SADA (Solar Array Drive Apparatus), solid state memory, onboard computer, MWs and CMGs etc. also enhance the satellite reliability to be not less than 0.6 at the end of the satellite's life. Figure 16: Side-slither raw image (left) on May 1, 2013 and shift of each detector image (right), image credit: DFH Chiina Hiigh-resollutiion Earth Observatiion System (CHEOS) and iits Lastest Devellopment," The Earth Observation System and Data Center , CNSA, 2014-2, URL: http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/pres/stsc2014/tech-47E.pdf

China's HD Earth Observation Satellite Put into Use," CRIEnglish.com, Dec. 30, 2013, URL: http://english.cri.cn/6909/2013/12/30/2743s805813.htmInformation provided by Joaquin Guo, Representative of Latin America, China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC) CASC has now launched 30 times in 2021, with all 30 being successful. CASC is preparing to launch the second cargo mission to the Tianhe space station module as well as the crewed Shenzhou 13 mission in October. According to China Daily, in mid-March 2016 Gaofen-4 began to take pictures for its major users such as the Ministry of Civil Affairs, State Forestry Administration, China Earthquake Administration and China Meteorological Administration to help with disaster prevention and relief, forest monitoring as well as weather forecast. Figure 4: Overview of Chinese institutions involoved in the CNSA EOSDC (Earth Observation System & Data Center, Ref. 3)

China's National Satellite Ocean Application Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources, together with related departments, will take responsibility for on-orbit testing. The satellite was developed by the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and features upgrades over the first Gaofen 3, including optimized imaging, improved ship-positioning technology and real-time onboard processing that makes imagery available much faster than transmitting raw data does. Human reproduction and development sciences; Participatory research; Health Care Technologies; Community Health / Public Health; Health Promotion; Health Policies; Health Care Organization; social determinants of health; Family planning; Perinatal Period; Birth Control; Breast Feeding and Infant Nutrition; Caesarean section; Implementation Science; Knowledge translation; Reproductive and maternal health; Shared decision making China publicizes Earth observation satellite's HD photos," Xinhua, June 6, 2013, URL: http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2013-06/06/content_29045699.htm Regional dialects and colloquialisms can also influence the use of chaos and cheos. In some areas, one term may be more commonly used than the other, or they may be used interchangeably. For example, in certain parts of the United States, chaos may be used to describe a messy or disorganized situation, while cheos is not commonly used at all. 3. Creative WritingNote: The Gaofen-1 and the VRSS-1 (Venezuelan Remote Sensing Satellite-1) satellites were both developed at DFH Co. Ltd. using the same CAST-2000 platform. China's push into high-resolution optical Earth observation through its seven-satellite CHEOS system is slightly delayed but will see the launch of a second satellite in 2014 and three more satellites by 2016, according to CNSA (China National Space Administration). 5)