The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) is an objective 5-item questionnaire frequently used by urologists to assess the severity of a patient’s ED. The tool asks patients to consider the following five questions on a scale of one to five over the last 6 months: 13 Decreased bias: Student performance in each station is marked by independent examiners on a predetermined marking template that is customized to each patient scenario, thus reduces the variability of examination.

Type C statistical effects: typically only seen at cohort level when patients have been using medication for a long period of time (e.g. gastric ulceration with NSAIDs) Rosen RC. Evaluation of the patient with erectile dysfunction: History, questionnaires, and physical examination. Endocrine. 2004;23(2–3):107–11.Neurological: Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, spinal cord injury, peripheral neuropathy Investigations for ED include blood tests to rule out underlying causes and then further specialist investigations if appropriate. Quantity should be used to describe how long you would like the patient to use this medication. Many different units of measure can be used (e.g. days, weeks, months) or the actual quantity of medication you would like to be supplied (e.g. 7 tablets).

In cases of complex or refractory ED, urologists may choose to perform an additional set of specialised tests: If an underlying organic cause of ED is identified and reversible, the probability of curing ED is greatly increased. However, if refractory to various treatment modalities, patients with ED are at increased risk for psychiatric co-morbidities such as anxiety and depression. This may further generate relationship and interpersonal struggles, significantly affecting a patient’s quality of life. Moreover, ED is known to be a risk factor in itself for CV disease, therefore if left untreated, could predispose the patient to greater risks of stroke and coronary artery disease. 3Patients may be referred to an endocrinologist for hormone replacement if a deficiency in reproductive hormones is found on laboratory testing (e.g. low testosterone). Penile prosthesis Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, Esposito K. Lifestyle modifications and erectile dysfunction: What can be expected? Asian J Androl. 2015;17(1):5–10. Practicability: OSCE allows the use of simulated patients and clinical materials, thereby decreasing the need for real patients during the examination. Candidates can choose to take the exam at a Prometric test centre or at home by remote proctoring, when they schedule their exam with Prometric, after receiving an Invitation to Schedule. To find out more and prepare for remote proctoring, please see Remote Proctoring information.