Steinmetz, K. (2015). "Everything You Need to Know About the Debate Over Transgender People and Bathrooms". Time.

Bailey, Michael (1995). "Gender Identity", The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals, p.71–93. New York: Harcourt Brace. Wilkinson, Sue; Kitzinger, Celia (1993-02-08). Heterosexuality: A Feminism & Psychology Reader. SAGE. p.164. ISBN 9781446229576. Goodfellow, M., "New guidelines released to 'counter gender stereotyping' in UK schools". The Independent, 19 October 2015. Dixon, Robyn (2019-04-26). "To fight K-pop's influence in China, a club teaches young boys to be alpha males". Los Angeles Times. Beijing . Retrieved 1 July 2019.

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By the 1930s, "there was no more damning insult than to be called a sissy" and the word was widely used by American football coaches and sports writers to disparage rival teams and encourage ferocious player behavior. [12] The use of the word sissy was "ubiquitous" among delinquent American youth of the 1930s; the term was used to provoke boys to join gangs, demean boys who violated group norms, force compliance with the mandates of masculinity, and justify violence (including sexual violence) against younger and weaker children. [13] Good students were taunted as sissies and clothing styles associated with higher social classes were demeaned as sissified. Among members of a Detroit, Michigan youth gang in 1938–39, sissy was "the ultimate slur" used to tease and taunt other boys, as a rationalization for violence against rivals, and as an excuse for not observing the dicta of middle-class decorum and morality. [13] The World Book Dictionary (1976 Edition), Chicago, IL, Doubleday & Company, Inc., pp. 376 and 1951. ISBN 978-0-5290-5326-8. By the late 1980s, some men began to reclaim the term sissy for themselves. [14] The spelling variation cissy was used in British English, at least prior to the mid 1970s. [15] In the United States, the Comedy Central television series South Park inverted its meaning in a 2014 episode titled " The Cissy", which lampooned the controversy over transgender students' use of school restrooms; [16] in the episode, a restroom initially designated for use by transgender students is later re-designated as "the cissy bathroom" for use by transphobic cisgender students. Padva, Gilad (2005). Radical Sissies and Stereotyped Fairies in Laurie Lynd's The Fairy Who Didn't Want To Be A Fairy Anymore. Cinema Journal 45(1), 66–78.

Elliott, Josh K. (September 3, 2021). "China bans 'sissy' and 'effeminate' men under new macho media rules". Global News. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021 . Retrieved 15 November 2021.Harrison, Kelby (2013). Sexual Deceit: The Ethics of Passing. Lexington Books. p.10. ISBN 978-0739177051. In his The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality (1987), the sexologist Richard Green compared two groups of boys: one group was conventionally masculine; the other group, who Green called "feminine boys" and other children called "sissy", engaged in doll play and other behavior typical for girls. [22] In his 15-year longitudinal study, Green looked at cross-gender behavior in boys who later turned out to be transgender, or homosexual as well as a control group, and analyzed such features as interest in sports, playroom toy preferences, doll-play fantasy, physical behavior ("acting like a girl" vs rough-and-tumble play), cross-dressing, and psychological behavior, [22] :21–29 using tests, questionnaires, interviews, and follow-ups. He also looked at the influence of parental relationships [22] :353–369 and reaction to atypical behavior. Later follow-ups found that, ultimately, 3⁄ 4 of the feminine or "sissy" boys developed into gay or bisexual men, whereas only one of the control group did. Analysis of the nature/nurture issue was inconclusive. [22] :385 Oriard, M. (2001), King Football: Sport and Spectacle in the Golden Age of Radio and Newsreels. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807855454.

Taormino, Tristan (2002-08-13). "Still in Diapers". Village Voice. Archived from the original on Aug 31, 2012 . Retrieved 2012-02-10. Sissy is, approximately, the male converse of tomboy (a girl with masculine traits or interests), but carries more strongly negative connotations. Research published in 2015 suggests that the terms are asymmetrical in their power to stigmatize: sissy is almost always pejorative and conveys greater severity, while tomboy rarely causes as much concern but also elicits pressure to conform to social expectations. [2] In some communities, especially ones whose members are prominently part of Generation Z, highly effeminate males are referred to as " femboys" (feminine boy), a term which aims to provide a way to refer to effeminate males without negative connotations. Pronger, B. (1990), The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex, New York, St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312062934a b Eguchi, S. (2011). "Negotiating Sissyphobia: A Critical/Interpretive Analysis of One "Femme" Gay Asian Body in the Heteronormative World". The Journal of Men's Studies. 19: 37–56. doi: 10.3149/jms.1901.37. S2CID 147257629. Compton, D. and Knox, E. (2015), "Sissies and tomboys." The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality, pp 1115–1354 The word sissy in its original meaning of "sister" entered American English around 1840–1850 and acquired its pejorative meaning around 1885–1890; the verb sissify appeared in 1900–1905. [10] In comparison, the word tomboy is approximately three centuries older, dating to 1545–1555. [11] a b Grant, J. (2014), The Boy Problem: Educating Boys in Urban America 1870-1970. Johns Hopkins University Press, New York, pp. 143-144. ISBN 978-1-4214-1259-7.

Fellows, Will (2004). A Passion to Preserve: Gay Men as Keepers of Culture. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 280. ISBN 9780299196837 . Retrieved 2012-02-10. Thorne, B. (1993). Gender Play: Girls and Boys in School. Rutgers University Press, pp. 115-116. ISBN 978-0-8135-1923-4. The term sissy has historically been used among school children as a "relentlessly negative" insult, implying immaturity and gender or sexual deviance. [4] It has been identified as sexist in guidance issued to schools in the United Kingdom [5] and described as "just as unacceptable as racist and homophobic language." [6] The terms gender creative, [7] pink boy, [8] and tomgirl [9] have been suggested as polite alternatives. The Japanese word bishōnen (literally "beautiful youth") and the Korean word kkonminam (literally "flower boy") are also polite terms for a man or boy with gentle or feminine attributes.Padva, Gilad and Talmon, Miri (2008). Gotta Have An Effeminate Heart: The Politics of Effeminacy and Sissyness in a Nostalgic Israeli TV Musical. Feminist Media Studies 8(1), 69–84. The term sissyphobia denotes a negative cultural reaction against "sissy boys" thought prevalent in 1974. [23] Sissyphobia has more recently been used in some queer studies; [24] other authors in this latter area have proposed effeminiphobia, [25] femiphobia, [26] femmephobia, or effemimania [27] [28] as alternative terms. In the BDSM practice of forced feminization, the male bottom undergoing cross-dressing may be called a sissy as a form of erotic humiliation, which may elicit guilt and/or sexual arousal. Another common theme is the use of a chastity belt, compounding the male bottom's humiliation by restricting the size and access to their genitals.