Moritomo H. Radiographic Clues for Determining Carpal Instability and Treatment Protocol for Scaphoid Fractures. J Orthop Sci. 2014;19(3):379-83. doi:10.1007/s00776-014-0546-y

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Goldfarb C, Yin Y, Gilula L, Fisher A, Boyer M. Wrist Fractures: What the Clinician Wants to Know. Radiology. 2001;219(1):11-28. doi:10.1148/radiology.219.1.r01ap1311 On sagittal MRI 9, the same findings as on plain radiograph are seen. However, bone contusion, scaphoid avascular necrosis, and scapholunate ligament injury are evaluated with more precision. See also Gilula L. Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability (DISI) and Scapho-Trapezio-Trapezoid (STT) Osteoarthritis. J Hand Surg Br. 1995;20(2):264. doi:10.1016/s0266-7681(05)80072-5 Fixed DISI deformity only occurs after combined injury of scapholunate ligament and other stabilizers of the scaphoid, namely radioscaphocapitate and scaphocapitate ligaments. Plain radiograph

positive Watson test: during ulnar to radial deviation, pressure applied to the volar aspect of the scaphoid elicits an audible and/or palpable clunk (due to dorsal subluxation of the scaphoid with respect to the radius) Theumann N, Etechami G, Duvoisin B et al. Association Between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Carpal Ligament Injuries at MR Arthrography and Carpal Instability at Radiography: Initial Observations. Radiology. 2006;238(3):950-7. doi:10.1148/radiol.2383050013 Smith D, Gilula L, Amadio P. Dorsal Lunate Tilt (DISI Configuration): Sign of Scaphoid Fracture Displacement. Radiology. 1990;176(2):497-9. doi:10.1148/radiology.176.2.2367667

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Wolfe S, Katz L, Crisco J. Radiographic Progression to Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability. Orthopedics. 1996;19(8):691-5. PMID 8856782 On an AP view, the normal trapezoidal configuration of the scaphoid may be lost and it may appear triangular. White S, Louis D, Braunstein E, Hankin F, Greene T. Capitate-Lunate Instability: Recognition by Manipulation Under Fluoroscopy. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;143(2):361-4. doi:10.2214/ajr.143.2.361

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