Yves Saint Laurent Opium Homme 100ml EDT Men Spray
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Yves Saint Laurent Opium Homme 100ml EDT Men Spray
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Opioids can reduce the intensity and unpleasant feeling of pain. The unspecific effect of opium to the different opioid receptors produce the generation of various effects such as sedation, euphoria, dysphoria, respiratory depression, constipation, pruritus, nausea, and vomiting. It is reported that the secondary effects tend to be diminished as long-term use tolerance is developed. Some reports have also shown an opioid-driven impairment of the hypothalamic function that can result in a loss of libido, impotence, and infertility. Patients have reported a sensation of stress relief even in presence of pain as well as the presence of sedation, hypoventilation, cough inhibition, prolonged apnea, myosis and respiratory obstruction. 9 Between 400 and 1200 CE, Arab traders introduced opium to China, and to India by 700. [19] [1] [12] [20] The physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi of Persian origin ("Rhazes", 845–930 CE) maintained a laboratory and school in Baghdad, and was a student and critic of Galen; he made use of opium in anesthesia and recommended its use for the treatment of melancholy in Fi ma-la-yahdara al-tabib, "In the Absence of a Physician", a home medical manual directed toward ordinary citizens for self-treatment if a doctor was not available. [21] [22]
William Muir (1875), The opium revenue: Sir William Muir's minute and other extracts from papers published by the Calcutta government; also extracts from parliamentary papers (1sted.), London: The Anglo-Oriental Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade, p.30, Wikidata Q19095804a b c Yangwen Zheng (2003). "The Social Life of Opium in China, 1483–1999". Modern Asian Studies. 37 (1): 1–39. doi: 10.1017/S0026749X0300101X. S2CID 146582691. Ladenburg, Thomas (1974). "Chapter 1, The French in Indochina" (PDF). University of Houston. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2023 . Retrieved March 21, 2023. a b Commissioner Jesse B. Cook (June 1931). "San Francisco's Old Chinatown". San Francisco Police and Peace Officers' Journal . Retrieved September 22, 2007. a b c d e f g h i j Paul L. Schiff Jr. (2002). "Opium and its alkaloids". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007 . Retrieved May 8, 2007. Donna Young (April 15, 2007). "Scientists Examine Pain Relief and Addiction". Archived from the original on December 6, 2007 . Retrieved June 6, 2007.
In the industrialized world, the United States is the world's biggest consumer of prescription opioids, with Italy being one of the lowest, because of tighter regulations on prescribing narcotics for pain relief. [143] Most opium imported into the United States is broken down into its alkaloid constituents, and whether legal or illegal, most current drug use occurs with processed derivatives such as heroin rather than with unrefined opium. Latimer, Dean, and Jeff Goldberg with an Introduction by William Burroughs. Flowers in the Blood: The Story of Opium. New York: Franklin Watts, 1981 Musto, David F. The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.During the Communist era in Eastern Europe, poppy stalks sold in bundles by farmers were processed by users with household chemicals to make kompot (" Polish heroin"), and poppy seeds were used to produce koknar, an opiate. [99] Obsolescence [ edit ] Apothecary vessel for storage of opium as a pharmaceutical, Germany, 18th or 19th century Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (841–926)". Saudi Aramco World. January 2002 . Retrieved January 12, 2008. As a Class A drug the maximum sentence for the possession of opium is 7 years. The maximum sentences for supply and/or production are life imprisonment, a fine or both. History Judis J: Binding of codeine, morphine, and methadone to human serum proteins. J Pharm Sci. 1977 Jun;66(6):802-6. [ Article]
S. Mercadante (1998). "Oral morphine consumption in Italy and Sicily". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 15 (4): 227–30. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(98)00368-6. PMID 9601157. Bradley, James (2009). The Imperial Cruise: a secret history of empire and war. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 274–275. ISBN 978-0-316-00895-2. Richard Askwith; The Sunday Times (September 13, 1998). "How aspirin turned hero" . Retrieved May 2, 2007.The addictive character of opium is related to the binding to the μ-opioid receptors, which will activate dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain and thus, enhance the dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. This mechanism involves the reward activity of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. 10 Target Morphine was first synthesised from opium in 1805 by a German chemist and was advertised as a new wonder medicine that was non-addictive and could even be used for the treatment of opium dependence. About 1850, the hypodermic syringe came into use and at that time people believed that smoking opium, rather than injecting opiates led to dependence. Thousands of soldiers in the American Civil War came home addicted to morphine given to them to ease the pain of their injuries. In 1874, again in Germany, heroin was first made from morphine – again it was advertised as non-addictive, this time as a substitute for morphine.
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