A. Majhi (2022). "Resolving the singularity by looking at the dot and demonstrating the undecidability of the continuum hypothesis". Foundations of Science [online first]. doi: 10.1007/s10699-022-09875-9. S2CID 246942045. In 1924, American astronomer Edwin Hubble's measurement of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebulae showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies. Starting that same year, Hubble painstakingly developed a series of distance indicators, the forerunner of the cosmic distance ladder, using the 100-inch (2.5m) Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. This allowed him to estimate distances to galaxies whose redshifts had already been measured, mostly by Slipher. In 1929, Hubble discovered a correlation between distance and recessional velocity—now known as Hubble's law. [59] [60]

Populations of stars have been aging and evolving, so that distant galaxies (which are observed as they were in the early universe) appear very different from nearby galaxies (observed in a more recent state). Moreover, galaxies that formed relatively recently, appear markedly different from galaxies formed at similar distances but shortly after the Big Bang. These observations are strong arguments against the steady-state model. Observations of star formation, galaxy and quasar distributions and larger structures, agree well with Big Bang simulations of the formation of structure in the universe, and are helping to complete details of the theory. [104] [105] Primordial gas clouds Focal plane of BICEP2 telescope under a microscope – used to search for polarization in the CMB [106] [107] [108] [109] The] big bang picture is too firmly grounded in data from every area to be proved invalid in its general features."

Types of Singularities:

I was trying to play it as cool as I possibly could,” Segars recalls. “We listened and you do what you’re supposed to do, which is not agree to anything, say as little as possible.” In 1968 and 1970, Roger Penrose, Stephen Hawking, and George F. R. Ellis published papers where they showed that mathematical singularities were an inevitable initial condition of relativistic models of the Big Bang. [75] [76] Then, from the 1970s to the 1990s, cosmologists worked on characterizing the features of the Big Bang universe and resolving outstanding problems. In 1981, Alan Guth made a breakthrough in theoretical work on resolving certain outstanding theoretical problems in the Big Bang models with the introduction of an epoch of rapid expansion in the early universe he called "inflation". [77] Meanwhile, during these decades, two questions in observational cosmology that generated much discussion and disagreement were over the precise values of the Hubble Constant [78] and the matter-density of the universe (before the discovery of dark energy, thought to be the key predictor for the eventual fate of the universe). [79] Some theories, such as the theory of loop quantum gravity, suggest that singularities may not exist. [11] This is also true for such classical unified field theories as the Einstein–Maxwell–Dirac equations. The idea can be stated in the form that, due to quantum gravity effects, there is a minimum distance beyond which the force of gravity no longer continues to increase as the distance between the masses becomes shorter, or alternatively that interpenetrating particle waves mask gravitational effects that would be felt at a distance.

After World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's steady-state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. [71] The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced BBN [72] and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the CMB. [73] Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître's theory, referring to it as "this big bang idea" during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. [48] [43] [notes 3] For a while, support was split between these two theories. Eventually, the observational evidence, most notably from radio source counts, began to favor Big Bang over steady state. The discovery and confirmation of the CMB in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. [74] There are different types of singularities, each with different physical features which have characteristics relevant to the theories from which they originally emerged, such as the different shape of the singularities, conical and curved. They have also been hypothesized to occur without event horizons, structures which delineate one spacetime section from another in which events cannot affect past the horizon; these are called naked. Conical [ edit ] Shapiro, Stuart L.; Teukolsky, Saul A. (1991). "Formation of naked singularities: The violation of cosmic censorship" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 66 (8): 994–997. Bibcode: 1991PhRvL..66..994S. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.994. PMID 10043968. S2CID 7830407. Edward L. ("Ned") Wright is the vice chair for astronomy at the University of California at Los Angeles; he also maintains a thorough on-line Cosmology Tutorial. Wright offers a somewhat different approach to this question: While there are no universally accepted solutions to the Big Bang singularity problem, physicists are hopeful they will find a solution soon — and they're enjoying their work. As Bento said, "I've always been fascinated with the universe and the fact that reality has so many things that most people would associate with sci-fi or even fantasy." Additional resources:All you need to make a fake version of someone’s voice is a recording of that person speaking. As with any machine learning system whose output improves based on the quantity and quality of its input data, a deepfaked voice will sound more like the real thing if there are more recordings for the system to learn from.

Joshi, Pankaj S (2007). Gravitational collapse and spacetime singularities. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107405363.See Chapter 8 "Afterword" in Earman, John (1995). Bangs, crunches, whimpers, and shrieks: Singularities and acausalities in relativistic spacetimes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019509591X.

We will see distant galaxies moving away from us, but their speed is increasing with time," Harvard University astronomer Avi Loeb said in a March 2014 Space.com article.He has a point. "Siri [the iPhone voice recognition assistant] reminds me of the woman who's told a dog plays chess and is asked, 'Isn't that amazing?'" says Kurzweil. "And she replies, 'Yes, but its endgame isn't very good.'"