New and updated crime data and analysis of trends, plus new content on recent events such as the Volkswagen scandal, the latest developments on historic child abuse, as well as extended coverage throughout of the English riots. Office for Criminal Justice Reform Offending, Crime and Justice Survey Office for National Statistics Gender, crime and justice Female and male offending Reasons for offending Women and the criminal justice process Cautioning, arrest and prosecution The use of custody Women in prison Mothers in prison Understanding women and criminal justice Women in the criminal justice system: the future Victimisation Fear of crime Violence against women Domestic violence The perpetrators Policing rape and domestic violence Policy changes Attrition Women’s role in social control Women in the police Women in the probation and prison services (NOMS) Women and the legal professions Masculinity, men and victimisation Male victimisation Conclusion A new chapter on politics, reflecting the ever increasing coverage of political influence and decision-making on criminology courses Victims, victimisation and victimology White-collar and corporate crime Organised crime Violent and property crime Drugs and alcohol

Criminology Criminology

Crime excludes many serious harms – Many things which result in fairly sizeable harm are not dealt with via the criminal law – i.e. are not treated as ‘criminal’. One of these might be large-scale tax fraud, which is rarely prosecuted. From murder to theft to drug gangs, crime and criminal justice affect the lives of millions of people worldwide. Tim Newburn considers how we can study trends in crime, and use them to inform preventative policy and criminal justice. Analysing the history of crime, he discusses the role of criminology in crime control and politics. Comprehensive in its coverage and written in a manner that is accessible to all students, the third edition of Criminology underlines why it is the undergraduate textbook. The classic sections have been complemented by new chapters that help students understand how crime control does not take place in a vacuum (The Politics of Crime and its Control), as well as encouraging students to think critically about the crime information we consume (Crime Data and Crime Trends). The most valuable aspect of the text is how core research methods concepts are provided in the same books as criminological content, which helps students to see, and understand, the crucial link between theory and research. Without doubt, this textbook provides the starting point for any criminological discussion. The verdicts In December 1990, 16 of the men pleaded guilty on legal advice to a number of offences and were sent to jail, given suspended jail sentences or fined. The men’s defence was based on the fact that they had all consented to the activities. But Judge Rant, in a complex legal argument, decided that the activities in which they engaged fell outside the exceptions to the law of assault. A number of the defendants appealed against their convictions and sentences. Their convictions were upheld though the sentences were reduced as it was felt they might well have been unaware that their activities were illegal. However the Appeal Court noted that this would not apply to similar cases in the future. The case then went to the House of Lords. The Law Lords heard the case in 1992 and delivered their judgment in January 1993. They upheld the convictions by a majority of three to two. Comprehensive and accessible, Tim Newburn’s bestselling Criminology provides an introduction to the fundamental themes, concepts, theories, methods and events that underpin the subject and form the basis for all undergraduate degree courses and modules in Criminology and Criminal Justice. This third edition includes: O

had a great effect over the entire period. But this was no watershed and we cannot categorically say that because a formal policing and prosecuting structure had arrived so the prosecution associations, the need and/or “right” of citizens to defend themselves or extra-judicial initiatives disappeared.’ In this history, Garland argues that modern criminology is the product of two initially separate streams of work: New and updated crime data and analysis of trends, plus new content on recent events such as the Volkswagen scandal, the latest developments on historic child abuse, as well as extended coverage throughout of the English riots Crime data and crime trends Introduction Measuring crime Official statistics England and Wales: Criminal Statistics United States: Uniform Crime Reports Assessing official statistics Impact of legislation Understanding ‘attrition’ Limitations of official statistics The critique is associated with what we will come to think of as ‘critical criminology’ and can be found in various forms since at least the 1970s ( see also Chapter 13). Hillyard and Tombs (2004), for example, argue for a change of focus away from ‘crime’ and toward ‘social harm’ (see also Dorling et al., 2005; Davies et al., 2014). They do so on the basis of four major lines of criticism:

Criminology - Newburn, Tim: 9781138643130 - AbeBooks Criminology - Newburn, Tim: 9781138643130 - AbeBooks

Criminology is a flexible resource. It can be used as an introductory text for Criminology, as well as related courses on criminal justice, criminological theory, crime and society, understanding crime and punishment and criminological research methods. Into the twentieth century Much activity in the nineteenth century was directed toward standardising policing, partly through reducing the number of forces and using the Inspectorate of Constabulary to rationalise policing practices, and also toward continuing the process of increasing police legitimacy in the eyes of a far from entirely sanguine public (see Robert Roberts’s account in the box of the policing of working-class Manchester). The two world wars and the industrial unrest in the first half of the twentieth century further separated police forces from their local authorities. The First World War depleted officer numbers, at least at first, and also increased substantially the responsibilities of the police. There was considerable unrest in the aftermath of the First World War and the Desborough Committee was established in 1919 to consider changes to the recruitment of police officers and to their terms and conditions of employment. Crime has no ontological reality - The category 'crime' has no reality beyond the application of the term to particular acts. The acts themselves are not intrinsically criminal. Thus, to kill someone during peacetime may well be treated as murder; to do so on a battlefield will most likely not. We return to this below. White-collar and corporate crime Introduction Edwin Sutherland and white-collar crime Distinguishing between white-collar and corporate crime Exploring white-collar crime Theft at work Fraud Employment offences Consumer offences Food offences Environmental crime State-corporate crime Explaining white-collar and corporate crime Differential association Self-control Neutralisation Critical theory Shaming Understanding white-collar crime White-collar offendersComprehensive and accessible, Tim Newburn’s bestselling Criminology provides an introduction to the fundamental themes, concepts, theories, methods and events that underpin the subject and form the basis for all undergraduate degree courses and modules in Criminology and Criminal Justice. This third edition includes: Crime as a social construct Writers starting from this position see ‘crime’ as a label applied, under particular circumstances, to certain acts (or omissions), suggesting that crime is something that is the product of culturally bounded social interaction. As Edwin Schur (1969: 10) once noted: ‘Once we recognise that crime is defined by the criminal law and is therefore variable in content, we see quite clearly that no explanation of crime that limits itself to the motivation and behaviour of total stranger who asks for money. When refused, the stranger becomes violent. The stranger robs the pedestrian and leaves them needing hospital treatment. There is little doubt that most people, on having this situation described to them, would call what happened ‘a crime’. Indeed, in many ways this example represents one of the most common fears that many of us have (Stanko, 1990). The second example is more unusual. It arises out of the seizure of videotapes during a police raid. One of these videos shows a number of men Formalisation of the prosecution process During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries private prosecutions remained the dominant means of bringing cases to court. Even in more serious cases where the case was heard by a judge, ‘the verdict of guilt or innocence was pronounced by a trial jury drawn from minor property owners within the same broad area’ (Rawlings, 1999: 16). That said, the cost of bringing cases to court meant that extrajudicial means of dealing with crime remained common. Sometimes, local people would

Social disadvantage, crime, and punishment - London School of

The ‘Lombrosian project’ – studies which sought to examine the characteristics of ‘criminals’ and ‘non-criminals’ with a view to being able to distinguish the groups, thereby developing an understanding of the causes of crime.In this history, Garland argues that modern criminology is the product of two initially separate streams of work: O Violent and property crime Understanding violent crime Types of violent crime Homicide Trends in homicide Homicide offenders Victims of homicide Motive and relationship Use of weapons Homicide and social status Serial killers Robbery Armed robbery Street robbery Sexual offences Stalking Monitoring sex offenders Violent crime and weapons