The northeastern sky on November evenings hosts the bright constellations of Perseus and W-shaped Cassiopeia, with the very bright star Capella positioned below them. The geological history of Mars can be split into many periods, but the following are the three primary periods: [30] [31]

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Barlow, Nadine G. (5–7 October 1988). H. Frey (ed.). Conditions on Early Mars: Constraints from the Cratering Record. MEVTV Workshop on Early Tectonic and Volcanic Evolution of Mars. LPI Technical Report 89-04. Easton, Maryland: Lunar and Planetary Institute. p.15. Bibcode: 1989eamd.work...15B. Mars's equator is defined by its rotation, but the location of its Prime Meridian was specified, as was Earth's (at Greenwich), by choice of an arbitrary point; Mädler and Beer selected a line for their first maps of Mars in 1830. After the spacecraft Mariner 9 provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called Airy-0), located in the Sinus Meridiani ("Middle Bay" or "Meridian Bay"), was chosen by Merton Davies, Harold Masursky, and Gérard de Vaucouleurs for the definition of 0.0° longitude to coincide with the original selection. [74] [75] [76] Zeitler, W.; Ohlhof, T.; Ebner, H. (2000). "Recomputation of the global Mars control-point network". Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing. 66 (2): 155–161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.372.5691. Main article: Water on Mars The ice-filled Korolev crater near Mars's north pole is estimated to hold about 2,200km 3 (530cumi), comparable in volume to the Great Bear Lake. a b c d Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv: 1808.01973. Bibcode: 2018A&C....25...10M. doi: 10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002. S2CID 69912809.Main article: Martian canals A 1962 map of Mars published by the U.S. Aeronautical Chart and Information Center, showing canals snaking through the Martian landscape. At the time, the existence canals was still highly controversial as no close-up pictures of Mars had been taken (until Mariner 4's flyby in 1965). When the waning gibbous moon rises over the eastern treetops on Friday evening, Nov. 3, it will be positioned about a binoculars' field below (or southeast of) the bright golden star Pollux, which marks the head of Gemini's eastern twin. The slightly fainter and whiter double star Castor will shine above them.

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Costard, Francois M. (1989). "The spatial distribution of volatiles in the Martian hydrolithosphere". Earth, Moon, and Planets. 45 (3): 265–290. Bibcode: 1989EM&P...45..265C. doi: 10.1007/BF00057747. S2CID 120662027. Lunine, Cynthia J. (1999). Earth: evolution of a habitable world. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-521-64423-5. Main article: Volcanology of Mars Picture of the largest volcano on Mars, Olympus Mons. It is approximately 550km (340mi) across. In the western sky on Tuesday evening, Nov. 28, the very bright star Vega in the constellation of Lyra the Harp will be descending the western sky. (Image credit: Chris Vaughan/Starry Night) On the evenings surrounding Thursday, Nov. 16, the young crescent moon will shine low in the southwestern sky after sunset. (Image credit: Chris Vaughan/Starry Night)a b Rees, Martin J., ed. (October 2012). Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. pp.160–161. ISBN 978-0-7566-9841-6. The moon will reach its new phase on Monday, Nov. 13 at 4:27 a.m. EST, 1:27 a.m. PST, or 09:27 GMT. At that time our natural satellite will be located in Libra, 2.5 degrees south of the sun.