Banderali G, Martelli A, Landi M, Moretti F, Betti F, Radaelli G, et al. Short and long term health effects of parental tobacco smoking during pregnancy and lactation: a descriptive review. J Transl Med. 2015;13(1):327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-015-0690-y. Evans D. Hierarchy of evidence: a framework for ranking evidence evaluating healthcare interventions. J Clin Nurs. 2003;12(1):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00662.x. Yermachenko A, Dvornyk V. A meta-analysis provides evidence that prenatal smoking exposure decreases age at menarche. Reprod Toxicol. 2015;58:222–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.10.019. Flenady V, Koopmans L, Middleton P, Froen J, Smith GC, Gibbons K, et al. Major risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9774):1331–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62233-7.

Huang Y, Huang J, Lan H, Zhao G, Huang C. A meta-analysis of parental smoking and the risk of childhood brain tumors. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102910. Chrestani MA, Santos IS, Horta BL, Dumith SC, de Oliveira Dode MA. Associated factors for accelerated growth in childhood: a systematic review. Matern Child Health J. 2013;17(3):512–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-012-1025-8. Royal College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists. The management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. RCOG Green-top Guideline No. 69. Jun 2016. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/green-top-guidelines/gtg69-hyperemesis.pdfPhysiological withdrawal state when substance use is stopped or reduced (symptoms vary depending on the substance); may also be associated with use of the substance (or a closely related one) to relieve or avoid the withdrawal symptoms Chilled food should be stored at the correct temperature (below 5°C). Foods should not be eaten after the ‘use by’ date. Wash soil from fruit, vegetables and salad. Alcohol in pregnancy

UK Department of Health. Drug misuse and dependence: UK guidelines on clinical management. 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/drug-misuse-and-dependence-uk-guidelines-on-clinical-management Weng SF, Redsell SA, Swift JA, Yang M, Glazebrook CP. Systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors for childhood overweight identifiable during infancy. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(12):1019–26. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-302263. Huang J, Zhu T, Qu Y, Mu D. Prenatal, perinatal and neonatal risk factors for intellectual disability: a systemic review and meta- Analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153655. If a child of an opioid using mother has been taken into care after birth, the woman may be at increased risk of suicide. 48 Ferrante G, Antona R, Malizia V, Montalbano L, Corsello G, La Grutta S. Smoke exposure as a risk factor for asthma in childhood: a review of current evidence. Allergy Asthma Proceed. 2014;35(6):454–61. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2014.35.3789.

What are the benefits of keeping a pregnancy journal?

By concentrating on a healthy varied diet and staying active your body should naturally gain sufficient weight for your baby to be born at optimum birth weight. This is important for them to continue to grow and develop well. Use third person—“Health professionals are encouraged to ask all women in pregnancy about substance use. Is it OK if we explore this?” Castles A, Adams EK, Melvin CL, Kelsch C, Boulton ML. Effects of smoking during pregnancy. Five meta-analyses. Am J Prev Med. 1999;16(3):208–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00089-0. Tong VT, Dietz PM, Farr SL, D'Angelo DV, England LJ. Estimates of smoking before and during pregnancy, and smoking cessation during pregnancy: comparing two population-based data sources. Public Health Rep (Washington, DC : 1974). 2013;128(3):179–88.