Zemke, R. (1982). Job competencies: Can they help you design better training? Training, 19(5), 28–31. Brint, S. (1994). In an age of experts: The changing role of professionals in politics and public life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Wilensky, H. L. (1964). The professionalization of everyone? American Journal of Sociology, 70(2), 137–158. Mulder, M. (2011). The concept of competence: blessing or curse? In I. Torniainen, S. Mahlamäku-Kultanen, P. Nokelainen, & P. Ilsley (Eds.), Innovations for competence management. Conference proceedings (pp. 11–24). Lahti: Lahti University of Applied Sciences.

The Profession Map won’t tell you what to do, but it will show you how beingprinciples-led,evidence-basedandoutcomes-drivenleads to better decisions in any situation.Mulder, M., & Pachuau, A. (2011). Competence in scientific agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 17(5), 393–399.

Farrell, C., & Morris, J. (2003). The neo-bureaucratic state: Professionals, managers and professional managers in schools, general practices and social work. Organization, 10(1), 129–156. Burrage, M., & Torstendahl, R. (Eds.). (1990a). Professions in theory and history: Rethinking the study of the professions. London: Sage.Born, G. (1995). Rationalizing culture: IRCAM, Boulez and the institutionalization of the musical avant-garde. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Grant, G., Elbow, P., Ewens, T., Gamson, Z., Kohli, W., Neumann, W., Olesen, V., & Riesman, D. (1979). On competence. A critical analysis of competence-based reforms in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. For a long time, the sociological analysis of professional work has differentiated professionalism as a special means of organizing work and controlling workers and in contrast to the hierarchical, bureaucratic and managerial controls of industrial and commercial organizations. But professional work is changing and being changed as increasingly professionals (such as doctors, nurses, teachers, social workers) now work in employing organizations; lawyers and accountants in large professional service firms (PSFs) and sometimes in international and commercial organizations; pharmacists in national (retailing) companies; and engineers, journalists, performing artists, the armed forces and police find occupational control of their work and discretionary decision-making increasingly difficult to sustain. Roes, G. B. (1885). Twee vragen betreffende de absolute competentie van den kantonrechter. Leiden: Somerwil. (academisch proefschrift)

Potential and limitations

Klemp, G. O. (1980). The assessment of occupational competence. Washington, DC: National Institute of Education. While I realise the significance that IOSH has played in my professional identity formation, it has also been impacted from outside my community of practice. An example is the importance – or over-importance – I have given to gaining qualifications and training over experience. Yet this has motivated me to help support and encourage others to reach their potential – something I love to do.

Hampden-Turner, C., & Trompenaars, F. (2000). Building cross-cultural competence. How to create wealth from conflicting values. New York: Wiley. preparedness training. National University of Science Technology (NUST) is also training communities on disaster concepts, disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response.McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for ‘Intelligence’. American Psychologist, 28(1), 423–447. Collins, R. (1979). The credential society: An historical sociology of education and stratification. New York: Academic. Olofsson, G. (2009). The coming of the proto-professions – A third stage of professionalization?. Paper presented at ESA conference, Lisbon, RN19.