We demonstrate that 3-in-1 NFS increases levels of filaggrin and aquaporin 3 in HEKs, and levels of collagen I and collagen III in HDFs in vitro. Levels of precursor procollagen type I and tropoelastin were increased in ex vivo skin explants. Numbers of apoptotic sunburn cells were significantly reduced in UV-exposed skin explants. These effects were only observed with the combination of ingredients in 3-in-1 NFS, suggesting that they have a synergistic effect on photoaged skin biology. Conclusion Here’s the deal: your skin has a lipid (oil) protective layer that keeps moisture in and germs out. If you’ve paid attention in your chemistry class, you know that water and oil don’t mix. That’s why anything water-based needs the helping hand of a good delivery system to penetrate your skin. ASEAN - Harmonized Cosmetic Regulatory Scheme - Annex VII - UV Filters - Maximum Authorised Concentration UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) - Montreal Protocol Ozone Depletors - Annex B - Group III Because this whole thing wasn’t confusing enough, the original 1993 patent from Nikkol is in Japanese, including the chemical names. It mentions isopalmitic acid and tetraisopalmitate, which would seem to indicate Structure B.

Hopefully this has made things a bit clearer for those of you who were also agonising over this (possibly a whole three people!).

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Plus, its excellent water solubility means ascorbyl glucoside can be used with other ingredients and in water-based skin products, like serums. Singapore - Health Products (Cosmetic Products - ASEAN Cosmetic Directive) Regulations - Part VIII - Maximum Concentration Miyachi Y, Horio T, Imamura S. Sunburn cell formation is prevented by scavenging oxygen Intermediates. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1983;8:305–10. Behrens M. Sytheon Corrects Identity of Vitamin C Tetra Esters, Found Skin Benefits. Cosmetics & Toiletries. Published January 11, 2022. Accessed April 14, 2022. https://www.cosmeticsandtoiletries.com/research/literature-data/news/21992979/sytheon-ltd-sytheon-corrects-identity-of-vitamin-c-tetra-esters-found-skin-benefitsEFFA - Code of Practice 2012 - Attachment V - Potential Presence of Substances in Natural Complex Substances Brazil - MERCOSUR Restricted Chemicals - Label Requirements for Allergenic Substances in Fragrances and Scents EFFA - Code of Practice 2012 - Attachment V - Substances Not Classified in Natural Complex Substances According to UN GHS Photoaging is a complex process that is chiefly the result of oxidative stress caused by ultraviolet (UV)-generated reactive oxygen species. To counter this process, we developed a 3-in-1 night facial serum (3-in-1 NFS) containing a combination of direct and indirect antioxidants and polyphenols that is designed to attenuate UV-generated free radicals and stimulate dermal protein synthesis. In clinical trials 3-in-1 NFS improved the appearance of photoaged skin. In this study we sought to identify some of the main histologic changes responsible for this. Methods

Chaudhuri RK, Bojanowski K. Bakuchiol: a retinol-like functional compound revealed by gene expression profiling and clinically proven to have anti-aging effects. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2014;36:221–30. We wish to thank Jessica Romero, Claudia Navarro, and Anna Rodriguez of Leitat who performed the ex vivo study described here. Funding Deciem´s simple explanation. Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate Solution 20% in Vitamin F (ATS20 ) is a high-strength oil solution that visibly targets uneven skin tone, dullness, and signs of ageing whilst also offering surface hydration.

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It’s the other side of the coin: if Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate can penetrate skin more deeply and deliver a more powerful dose of Vitamin C, it makes sense it’s also more likley to irritate your skin. Nike - Restricted Substances - Nike-Specific Chemical and Material Restrictions - Maximum Concentration per Component EFFA - Code of Practice 2012 - Attachment III - Labelling of Chemical Substances According to EU DSD