The Scottish National Party won the third-largest number of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election, winning 56 MPs from the 59 constituencies in Scotland having won 50% of the popular vote. Support for nationalist parties in Scotland and Wales led to proposals for devolution in the 1970s, though only in the 1990s did devolution happen. The Brexit Party was founded in January 2019, with leader Nigel Farage (former retired UKIP leader). Independent monitoring boards are responsible for the running of prisons and treatment of prisoners - for example, His Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons.

There have been shifts in liberal thought, the most prominent of which was the move from classical liberalism (minimal role of state, unsecured liberties) to progressive liberalism in the early twentieth century.Alex Salmond (leader of SNP between 2004 and 2014) made history becoming the first First Minister of Scotland from a party other than Labour following the 2007 Scottish Parliament election. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law.

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The head of His Majesty's Government, the prime minister, also has weekly meetings with the sovereign, where he may express his feelings, warn, or advise the prime minister in the government's work. The additional member system is used for elections to the Scottish Parliament, Senedd, and London Assembly. Kinnock progressively expelled members of Militant, a left-wing group which practised entryism, and moderated many of the party's policies.

The Conservatives lost all their seats in both Scotland and Wales, and was their worst defeat since 1906. p>\n\n