The immune response is impaired in anemia condition. Here, the immune-modulatory properties of jujube under different scenarios are summarized ( Figure 4). The intake of jujube extracts at concentrations of 150 and 250mg/kg/day significantly stimulated thymus and spleen indices in mice, which indicated obviously strengthening the non-specific immunity in jujube-treated mice ( Li et al., 2011). Furthermore, the authors described that jujube at various concentrations (30–200μg/ml) showed a significant dose-dependent promotion of splenocyte proliferation, with the highest response at ∼100% increase. The effect of jujube extract on anti-complementary activity was also reported. Jujube extracts (25 and 125μg/ml) exhibited ability to interact with the complement cascade ( Li et al., 2011). This finding indicates the activation of innate immune system in jujube-treated cells. In support of this notion, the water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from jujube stimulated proliferation of lymphocyte. In particular, the application of jujube polysaccharide at various concentrations (10–100μg/ml) onto cultured lymphocytes for 3days demonstrated an enlarging cell volume and an increasing cell number ( Zhao et al., 2008). Moreover, jujube extracts at different concentrations of 0–3mg/ml were applied onto cultured RAW 264.7 cells for 24h. The extract dose-dependently stimulated the expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and the highest effect was induced at ∼7-fold, ∼9-fold, and 4-fold, respectively ( Chen et al., 2014a). Accordingly, the objective of this study was to apply CAP pretreatment to delay ripening and senescence of jujube. Finally, our work will provide a theoretical support for proposing CAP as an effective storage and preservation strategy for jujube fruit. Materials and Methods Jujube Processing Brain health: One research paper suggests jujube may have brain-boosting effects, including improving memory and learning potential. Ziziphus jujuba". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 11 December 2017. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s Note

In China, jujubes are processed to make wine, which is called hongzaojiu. They use baijiu (Chinese liquor) to preserve jujubes by storing them in a jar. This product maintains its flavor for a long period of time, particularly in winter. Preserved jujubes are called jiuzao. It comes down to the pros and the cons of nutritional benefits versus accessibility,” Thomsen Ferreira advises. “You can get a similar amount of vitamin C and potassium from other foods that are more readily available in certain areas than jujube.” In Croatia, especially Dalmatia, jujubes are used in marmalades, juices, and rakija (fruit brandy).In Arabic-speaking regions the jujube and alternatively the species Z.lotus are closely related to the lote-trees (sing. "سدرة sidrah", pl. " سدر sidr") which are mentioned in the Quran, [34] [35] while in Palestine it is rather the species Z.spina-christi that is called sidr. [23]

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has a vital role in metabolizing heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide and free iron. Biliverdin is immediately conversed to bilirubin, as catalyzed by biliverdin reductase containing two isozymes, i.e., biliverdin reductase A and B. Free iron is released to blood circulation by ferroportin and further carried to bone marrow ( Kovtunovych et al., 2010). Therefore, HO-1, biliverdin reductase and ferropotin are considered as the main target enzymes in determining the iron recycling in macrophages. Jujube extract at different concentration (0–3.0mg/ml) was applied onto cultured macrophages for 24h. The applied jujube extract stimulated the mRNA expressions of HO-1, biliverdin reductase A and B, and ferropotin in dose-dependent manners, giving the highest response by ∼2.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 folds, respectively ( Chen J. et al., 2016). In good agreement with this finding, Yang et al. (2016) reported that the intake of jujube extract showed an improvement in iron deficiency anemia rats. In parallel, the extract of jujube significantly increased serum iron, iron saturation, total iron binding capacity in anemia rats, indicating the supply of circulation iron for erythropoiesis. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, was found to regulate HO-1 expression ( Motohashi and Yamamoto, 2004). Nrf2 directly binds to anti-oxidant response element (ARE) in the promoter region of HO-1 gene resulting in the transcription. In pARE-Luc-expressed cells treated with jujube water extract, the luciferase assay was activated in a dose-dependent manner ( Chen J. et al., 2016). The activation by two folds was confirmed under application of jujube extract at 3.0mg/ml ( Chen J. et al., 2016). This result suggests the involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling in jujube-treated cells. In support of this notion, Almeer et al. (2018) revealed the effects of jujube extract on gene expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in colitis rats, as induced by treating intrarectally with acetic acid. Compared with model group, the pre-treatment with jujube extract at different doses (100, 200, and 400mg/kg/day) in colon of rats for 5days by oral gavage significantly induced mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1, giving the highest response by seven and two folds, respectively ( Almeer et al., 2018). These studies however need further confirmation as no observation has been found in a physiology model of iron recycling. For instance, a cellular model of erythrophagocytosis using artificially-aged RBCs and macrophages may be designed to investigate mRNA and protein expressions of target enzymes relating to iron recycling. Jujube on Immune Functions The TPC of jujubes was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric method according to Dzimitrowicz et al., with some modifications ( 36). About 0.1 g of freeze-dried jujube powder was blended with 1.6 ml of 60% ethanol solution, ultrasonic extracted at 40°C for 2 h, and centrifuged at 5,600 × g for 15 min to obtain the TPC extract. Subsequently, 200 μl of extract was brought into a 10-ml tube, and 2 ml of 0.2 M Folin–Ciocalteu reagent was added and vortexed thoroughly. After 5 min, 2 ml of 7.5% (w/v) sodium carbonate solution and 2.8 ml of deionized water were further added and mixed vigorously and put in a darkroom for 30 min. Finally, the absorbance was measured at 765 nm in a microplate reader (CLARIO star, Munich, Germany) with gallic acid used as the standard for calibration curve. The TPC was expressed as g gallic acid equivalence per kg of dry weight (g GAE kg –1 DW). Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) Jujube or sweet red dates are eaten throughout Asia - in desserts, soups and brewed as a tea. They are the fruits of the Ziziphus jujuba, and are also known as Chinese dates, Korean dates or natsume in Japanese. Phenolic compounds are chemical components in plant-based foods that can give them certain beneficial health effects,” she continues.

Conclusion

Figure 5B elucidated the MDA accumulation in jujube during 15-day cold storage. At day 0, the MDA content of jujube in CAP-treated groups was reduced and displayed a time-dependent manner. Then, at day 5, the MDA concentration of jujube in control was not changed, while of that in CAP5 and CAP10 was further decreased, and of that in CAP20 start increasing as compared to day 0. As compared to CAP5 and CAP20, the MDA content of jujube in CAP10 was continually increased but still lower than that of control from days 10 to 15 ( p< 0.05). Discussion This work is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A030313305), Natural Science Foundation of China (81804052), Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan Project (JSGG20191129102216637 and ZDSYS201606081515458), Traditional Chinese Medicine Bureau of Guangdong Province (20201320) to JC. Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (ZDSYS201707281432317; JCYJ20170413173747440; JCYJ20180306174903174), China Post-doctoral Science Foundation (2019M653087), Zhongshan Municipal Bureau of Science and Technology (ZSST20SC03); Guangzhou Science and Technology Committee Research Grant (GZSTI16SC02; GZSTI17SC02); Hong Kong RGC Theme-based Research Scheme (T13-605/18-W); Hong Kong Innovation Technology Fund (UIM/340, UIM/385, ITS/500/18FP; TCPD/17-9); TUYF19SC02, PD18SC01 and HMRF18SC06 to KT. Conflict of Interest Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "A Greek-English Lexicon, ζίζυ As seen in Figure 3, the result demonstrated that 5-, 10-, and 20-min CAP treatment all have no impacts on TAB count as compared to control. This may be due to 200 μl L –1 sodium hypochlorite displayed a brilliant disinfect effect on Jujube and then, the TAB count stood in a safe range ( 35). Our result was in good agreement with the finding of Won et al., who formulated that P. italicum were reduced by microwave-powered cold plasms from 96.6 to 85.0 and 16.0% with an independent input power manner ( 46). Furthermore, low/ice temperature environment is strictly unfavorable for bacteria growth and proliferation ( 47). Winter jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) is a traditional plant of China, which has been cultivated for more than 4,000 years. It is regarded as one of the most popular fruits in the world due to its incomparable nutritive value, susceptive aroma, and delicious taste. Winter jujube contains many bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, ascorbic acid, phenolic acids, amino acid, flavonoids, and mineral constituents, so that displays antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer abilities ( 1– 3). Compared with dried jujube, fresh jujube fruit has more antioxidants and tastes better. However, after harvesting, jujube is highly susceptible to get contaminated by pathogenic including Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium expansum ( 4, 5). On the other hand, numerous uncontrollable elements that include respiration, transpiration, temperature, and relative humidity during postharvest storage and transportation have resulted in many quality losses of jujube and critically reduce farmer’s income. Thus, it is of importance to apply an effective strategy to preserve the postharvest quality of jujube during transportation and storage.

Jujube tree is important in Hinduism too as Vishnu is worshipped in a major temple, in Badrinath, from the Sanskrit compound Badarīnātha, consisting of the terms badarī ( jujube tree) and nātha (lord), an epithet of Vishnu. [38] It is also known as Badarikashrama. Jujube polysaccharide has been reported to improve hematological parameters in anemic animal models. Mice of blood deficiency model were induced by releasing blood and injection of cyclophosphamide. The levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit were decreased, and the level of platelet was increased in model mice, as compared to control group. Compared with model mice, the decreased levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit were reversed by treatment with jujube extract; while the increased level of platelet however was down regulated in jujube-treated mice ( Xu et al., 2004). In another investigation, the activities of dietary jujube on the levels of RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit were analyzed in colitis-associated colon cancer mice. These hematopoietic parameters in cancer mice were significantly decreased, as compared to control group; however, which were markedly increased in the jujube-treated mice ( Periasamy et al., 2020), suggesting possible beneficial effects of this fruit on cancer patients suffering from anemia. Besides, the extract of jujube possessed the ability to stimulate the activity of ATPase, i.e., Na+-K+-ATPase, Ca 2+-ATPase and Ca 2+-Mg 2+-ATPase, in erythrocyte, and therefore which was shown to promote bone marrow nuclear proliferation and to inhibit atrophy thymus and spleen in blood deficient animals ( Miao et al., 2006; Miao et al., 2010). Moreover, the intake of jujube extract (100–400mg/kg) was found to increase the level of EPO in blood circulation, which suggested that jujube might promote RBC level through up regulation of EPO production. In support of this notion, the applied jujube extract at concentrations of 0.75–3mg/ml in cultured Hep3B cells for 48h increased the expression of EPO transcription, and the increase was shown to be in a dose-dependent manner ( Chen et al., 2014b). In parallel, the applied jujube extract was able to stimulate the protein expression of EPO, giving ∼50% increase of the total protein ( Lam et al., 2016). The circulating EPO is produced by adult kidney cells; while kidney dysfunction contributes to inadequate amount of EPO production and renal anemia. In ibuprofen-induced nephrotoxicity rats, the intake of jujube extract (500mg/kg) improved kidney function by declining the levels of creatinine and urea, and this treatment could prevent histopathological damages of kidney ( Awad et al., 2014). On the other hand, the intake of Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen, a Chinese herbal decoction comprising of Astragali Radix, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Cistanches Herba, and other four herbs, was able to improve renal function and kidney injury in anemia rats suffering from chronic kidney disease ( Chen et al., 2019). Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen improved the hematological parameters and stimulated EPO production ( Chen et al., 2019). Massive EPO-producing cells are identified in the renal interstitium. The occurrence of renal interstitial fibrosis is accompanied by decrease of fibroblasts, which impairs the production of EPO. Moreover, Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen was believed to ameliorate renal interstitial fibrosis, and the renal recovery might be related to improvement of EPO production. Thus, the function of jujube in promoting EPO expression in renal anemia patients was in line to that of Jian-Pi-Yi-Shen ( Chen et al., 2019). This assumption requires further studies as to confirm the ability of jujube to prevent/treat renal anemia through regulation of EPO production. While its early results may be promising, there’s no hard proof that jujube is any more beneficial for your health than similar fruits. But it may be a fun alternative to your regular go-to’s if you’re looking to switch things up and have the budget for it. where c displays the MDA content of reaction solution, μmol L –1; A 450, A 532, and A 600 represent the absorbance values of reaction solution at 450, 532, and 600 nm, respectively; V e, V r, and V d mean the total volume of sample extract, the volume of sample extract taken for chromogenic reaction, and the volume used for absorbance detection, respectively, ml; m symbols the dry weight of jujube used for extraction, g. Statistical Analysis We tend to think of cherries as antioxidant superfoods, so to see such a high content of phenols in jujube is pretty significant,” Thomsen Ferreria says.

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Kurihara, Y. (1992). "Characteristics of antisweet substances, sweet proteins, and sweetness-inducing proteins". Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 32 (3): 231–252. doi: 10.1080/10408399209527598. PMID 1418601. When products like jujube are used for certain purposes over hundreds of years, there’s often good reason for it,” says registered dietitian Sarah Thomsen Ferreira, RD, LD. “Foods tend to gain a reputation for a reason, so their historical use can be informative. Research data on Jujube in human health, however, is limited.” You should aim for 25 to 35 grams of fiber a day. A diet that’s high in fiber has many benefits, including: All data were collected, recorded, and calculated by Excel 2016. Every figure was plotted using Origin 8.5, 2019b version. Moreover, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tools including least-significant difference (LSD) and Waller-Duncan were used to compare and label statistically differences between groups. The results were recorded as mean ± SD (standard deviation) and p< 0.05 represented the significant differences. Results Surface Morphology