Tacitus described them as swarthy and curly-haired, and suggested their ancestors might be from Spain because of the similarities in appearance with some peoples in Spain. Britain had large, easily accessible reserves of tin in the modern areas of Cornwall and Devon and thus tin mining began. By around 1600 BC the southwest of Britain was experiencing a trade boom as British tin was exported across Europe, evidence of ports being found in Southern Devon at Bantham and Mount Batten. Copper was mined at the Great Orme in North Wales.

After some further false starts, the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD led to most of the island falling under Roman rule, and began the period of Roman Britain. Several Roman authors including Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus mention this tribe and later civitas (administrative unit in a Roman province).Traditionally it was claimed by academics that a post-glacial land bridge existed between Britain and Ireland, however this conjecture began to be refuted by a consensus within the academic community starting in 1983, and since 2006 the idea of a land bridge has been disproven based upon conclusive marine geological evidence. It is now concluded that an ice bridge existed between Britain and Ireland up until 16,000 years ago, but this had melted by around 14,000 years ago. [1] [2] Britain was at this time still joined to the Continent by a land bridge known as Doggerland, but due to rising sea levels this causeway of dry land would have become a series of estuaries, inlets and islands by 7000 BC, [3] and by 6200 BC, it would have become completely submerged. [4] [5] The following ethnic names were recorded in the 2nd century at the earliest. The Iron Age had ended by this date, having transitioned into the Roman period. These tribes were not necessarily the same tribes that had been living in the same area during the Iron Age. This huge area was very varied. As well as people living in the Dales and hills, many people farmed the fertile land in Durham, Tyneside and Teeside. However, the carried on other distinctive styles of life and remained separate from their large, powerful neighbours, the Brigantes.

The Deceangli were the peoples of what is today north Wales and probably included the peoples who lived on the Isle of Mona or Anglesey. Significant remains of the Iron Age settlement at the foot of Holyhead Mountain survive to the present, also known as Cytiau'r Gwyddelod, which translates as 'The Irishmen's Huts', other names used for the settlement include Clwster Cytiau Mynydd Caergybi and the Ty Mawr Hut Group. 20 out of the original 50 Iron Age buildings survive, once a large farming community covering 15-20 acres, that originated in around 500 B.C. Like the civitas of the Belgae, the Regni are not a tribe or people known at the time of the Roman Conquest, rather the Romans created this civitas (an administrative unit within a Roman province), possibly around a smaller tribal group that were part of the Atrebates. The traveller Pytheas, whose own works are lost, was quoted by later classical authors as calling the people "Pretanoi", which is cognate with "Britanni" and is apparently Celtic in origin. The term "Celtic" continues to be used by linguists to describe the family that includes many of the ancient languages of Western Europe and modern British languages such as Welsh without controversy. [52] The dispute essentially revolves around how the word "Celtic" is defined; it is clear from the archaeological and historical record that Iron Age Britain did have much in common with Iron Age Gaul, but there were also many differences. Many leading academics, such as Barry Cunliffe, still use the term to refer to the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain for want of a better label. Before the Roman Conquest, the whole of the territory between what is to today West Sussex, Hampshire and Berkshire was the territory of the Atrebates, this important kingdom had two major centres at Silchester, near Reading, and Chichester.The floodplain of the early River Thames supported a wide variety of animals, however, including mammoths, elk and horses. The humans at Happisburgh likely scavenged meat from, and perhaps hunted, these animals. Like the other tribes of the Welsh Mountains, they were difficult for the Romans to conquer and control. The Parisi share their name with the people who lived in France around what is today Paris although whether both tribes shared strong links is hotly debated.

a b Alberge, Dalya (3 July 2023). "Discovery of up to 25 Mesolithic pits in Bedfordshire astounds archaeologists". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023 . Retrieved 3 June 2023. Researchers used aerial photography and LiDARsurveys to create a 3-D map of England'shistorical landscape.

9. England and Scotland by Giovanni Camucio – 1575

They include the Setanti in Lancashire , the Lopocares, the Corionototae and the Tectoverdi around the Tyne valley. Pearson, Mike; Julian Thomas (September 2007). "The Age of Stonehenge" (PDF). Antiquity. 811 (313): 617–639. doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00095624. S2CID 162960418. Study Rewrites History of Ancient Land Bridge Between Britain and Europe | Smart News| Smithsonian Magazine Accessed 18 Jun 2023.