Moss, Robert (2015). "Scottish dreaming: an ancestral call". Beliefnet, Inc . Retrieved March 27, 2016. Hines, T. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p.115. ISBN 978-1573929790 . Retrieved 18 May 2018. Hyman, Ray. Evaluating Parapsychological Claims. In Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. (2007). Critical Thinking in Psychology. Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–231. ISBN 978-0521608343

The concept of ESP has been around for centuries; it’s been a tenant Jainism for many thousands of years, although the term itself didn’t exist in English until much later on. The English term is often said to have been coined by British explorer Sir Richard Francis Burton in 1870, although it’s not clear whether that little tidbit is apocryphal or not. In any event, by the 1890s, it was in use by researchers into psychical phenomena to describe abilities ranging from hypnotism to mediumship — but it wasn’t until the 1930s that it became widely used, due largely to the creation of and research into Zener cards. Sherwood, S. & Roe, C.A. (2003). A review of dream ESP studies conducted since the Maimonides dream ESP programme. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10, 85-109. Schmidt’s methodology was so robust that critics were left with little alternative but to insinuate that he must be engaging in some sort of fraud. To counter this, Schmidt eventually used his technique of pre-recording the data as the basis of an experimental protocol that effectively put an independent observer in control of the experiment, with the result that fraud could be ruled out absolutely. The protocol was simple. The data, structured into runs for pre-determined numbers of subjects, was generated and recorded, and a copy of the data delivered unseen to an independent observer. The observer then determined what the targets would be for the set of runs and Schmidt instructed his subjects accordingly. At the end of the experiment Schmidt analysed the data and the observer could confirm that analysis on the copy of the data that he or she held. This led to a very successful series of experiments designed to confound the critics. 16 Joseph Banks Rhine and his wife and fellow parapsychologist Louisa Rhine attended séances when they first became interested in psychical research, but were not impressed. As trained scientists (both had PhDs in biology), they realized that progress in the field would have to be rooted in the experimental method. JB Rhine was invited to join psychologist William McDougall at Duke University in North Carolina in 1927; by 1930, Rhine had his own laboratory and began developing the methodology for which he and the Duke Parapsychology Laboratory would become famous. Initially, Rhine followed earlier examples, trying card guessing with numbers stamped on cards sealed in envelopes, but this was not very successful. Rhine then had the idea of asking a colleague, Karl Zener, a perceptual psychologist, to design a new set of target cards that could be easily distinguished and remembered, of roughly equal visual weight. The result was the well-known ESP cards often called Zener cards, although the final designs differed slightly from Zener’s.Critics have claimed that the RV programme was not in fact useful to the military. When funding eventually ceased, the CIA commissioned an overall assessment of the programme, which proved generally negative. Schmidt, S., Schneider, R., Utts, J.M., & Walach, H. (2004). Distant intentionality and the feeling of being stared at: Two meta-analyses. British Journal of Psychology 95, 235-47.

The statistical procedure used is known as the z-test.This compares the number of hits obtained with the number expected by chance guesswork. A pessimist might despair that so little has been achieved during the history of experimental parapsychology that helps us to understand the phenomena. An optimist, on the other hand, taking into account that the field has always been chronically under-resourced – and offers such poor career prospects to its practitioners – might find it amazing that so much has been achieved. Either way, experimental parapsychology has provided science with a formidable collection of data that demands attention. Probability predicts these test results for a test of 25 questions with five possible answers if chance is operating: Hines, Terence. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 122. ISBN 1-57392-979-4 "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories." Storm, L., Tressoldi, P.E., & Di Risio, L. (2010). Meta-analysis of free-response studies, 1992-2008: Assessing the noise reduction model in parapsychology. Psychology Bulletin 136, 471-85.Cited in C. E. M. Hansel The Search for a Demonstration of ESP in Paul Kurtz. (1985). A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology. Prometheus Books. pp. 105–127. ISBN 0-87975-300-5 In the 1960s, parapsychologists became increasingly interested in the cognitive components of ESP, the subjective experience involved in making ESP responses, and the role of ESP in psychological life. This called for experimental procedures that were not limited to Rhine's favored forced-choice methodology. Such procedures have included dream telepathy experiments, and the ganzfeld experiments (a mild sensory deprivation procedure). [14] [15] [16] Etymology [ edit ]

Between 1931 and 1933, Rhine and Zener identified and studied eight participants who had seemingly demonstrated extraordinary results — like, for example, AJ Linzmayer, a sophomore at Duke who guessed 404 cards correctly out of 1,500. Chance accounted for about 300 of those correct guesses, leaving 100 as what the researchers believed might be evidence of extra-sensory perception, or ESP. Mossbridge, J.A., Tressoldi, P., Utts, J., Ives, J.A., Radin, D., & Jonas, W.B. (2015). We did see this coming: Response to ‘We should have seen this coming’ by D. Sam Schwarzkopf. arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.03179. Bunge, Mario. (1987). "Why Parapsychology Cannot Become a Science". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10: 576–577.A few handlings are included but be aware that no specific routines are included. Though my favourite routine IS recommended for you to look up. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Second Sight". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.24 (11thed.). Cambridge University Press. p.570.