The existence of the planet Jupiter has been known since ancient times. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can occasionally be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low. [227] To the Babylonians, this planet represented their god Marduk, [228] chief of their pantheon from the Hammurabi period. [229] They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the ecliptic to define the constellations of their zodiac. [228] Grush, Loren (October 28, 2021). "NASA's Juno spacecraft finds just how deep Jupiter's Great Red Spot goes". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021 . Retrieved October 28, 2021. Jewitt, D.C.; Sheppard, S.; Porco, C.: Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere.Cambridge University Press,2004. ISBN 0-521-81808-7. ( ang.). brak strony w książce

a b White, Greg (November 25, 2015). "Is Jupiter's Great Red Spot nearing its twilight?". Space.news. Archived from the original on April 14, 2017 . Retrieved April 13, 2017. Liu, S. F.; Hori, Y.; Müller, S.; Zheng, X.; Helled, R.; Lin, D.; Isella, A. (2019). "The formation of Jupiter's diluted core by a giant impact". Nature. 572 (7769): 355–357. arXiv: 2007.08338. Bibcode: 2019Natur.572..355L. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1470-2. PMID 31413376. S2CID 199576704. Jupiter is surrounded by a faint planetary ring system and has a powerful magnetosphere, the second largest contiguous structure in the Solar System (after the heliosphere). Jupiter forms a system of 95 known moons and probably many more, including the four large moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Ganymede, the largest of the four, is larger than the planet Mercury. Callisto is the second largest; Io and Europa are approximately the size of Earth's Moon.Guillot, T. (1999). "A comparison of the interiors of Jupiter and Saturn". Planetary and Space Science. 47 (10–11): 1183–1200. arXiv: astro-ph/9907402. Bibcode: 1999P&SS...47.1183G. doi: 10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00043-4. S2CID 19024073. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021 . Retrieved June 21, 2023. a b J.A.Burns,Showalter, M.R.; Hamilton, D.P.; et al. The Formation of Jupiter’s Faint Rings.„Science”.284(5417),s.1146–1150,1999. DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5417.1146. PMID: 10325220. Bibcode: 1999Sci...284.1146B. ( ang.).

In July 1994, the Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 comet collided with Jupiter. [219] [220] The impacts were closely observed by observatories around the world, including the Hubble Space Telescope and Galileo spacecraft. [221] [222] [223] [224] The event was widely covered by the media. [225] Sommeria, Jöel; Meyers, Steven D.; Swinney, Harry L. (February 25, 1988). "Laboratory simulation of Jupiter's Great Red Spot". Nature. 331 (6158): 689–693. Bibcode: 1988Natur.331..689S. doi: 10.1038/331689a0. S2CID 39201626. Juno completed 12 orbits before the end of its budgeted mission plan, ending July 2018. [183] In June of that year, NASA extended the mission operations plan to July 2021, and in January of that year the mission was extended to September 2025 with four lunar flybys: one of Ganymede, one of Europa, and two of Io. [184] [185] When Juno reaches the end of the mission, it will perform a controlled deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere. This will avoid the risk of collision with Jupiter's moons. [186] [187] Cancelled missions and future plans Decametric radio bursts (with a wavelength of tens of metres) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by the interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field. [164] Outside the layer of metallic hydrogen lies a transparent interior atmosphere of hydrogen. At this depth, the pressure and temperature are above molecular hydrogen's critical pressure of 1.3 MPa and critical temperature of 33 K (−240.2 °C; −400.3 °F). [79] In this state, there are no distinct liquid and gas phases—hydrogen is said to be in a supercritical fluid state. The hydrogen and helium gas extending downward from the cloud layer gradually transitions to a liquid in deeper layers, possibly resembling something akin to an ocean of liquid hydrogen and other supercritical fluids. [65] :22 [80] [81] [82] Physically, the gas gradually becomes hotter and denser as depth increases. [83] [84]Cechą charakterystyczną Jowisza są trzy pierścienie o słabszej widoczności niż pierścienie Saturna. W ich skłąd wchodzą przede wszystkim niewielkie cząstki pyłu. Główny pierścień ma szerokość powyżej 6 400 km i grubość ok. 30 km. Connerney, J. E. P.; Kotsiaros, S.; Oliversen, R. J.; Espley, J. R.; Joergensen, J. L.; Joergensen, P. S.; Merayo, J. M. G.; Herceg, M.; Bloxham, J.; Moore, K. M.; Bolton, S. J.; Levin, S. M. (May 26, 2017). "A New Model of Jupiter's Magnetic Field From Juno's First Nine Orbits" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 45 (6): 2590–2596. Bibcode: 2018GeoRL..45.2590C. doi: 10.1002/2018GL077312. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.