In crisp and assured prose, Levin reveals the era to be messier and more complex than previous studies have allowed it to be. On Instagram, considering the lack of virality and the less invasive use of algorithmic filtering ( Bossetta 2018), the strategic relevance of user engagement is more limited, but it can still be perceived as a proxy of the popularity and success of a post.

Read a few of these and you’ll see some common themes: the rising number of languages dying worldwide, the distressing isolation of individual last speakers and the wider cultural loss for humanity. However, this does not mean that informal elements are more popular on Instagram: Actually, only one informal communication tool, the appearance of family members, seems to provoke more likes from Instagram followers, but this is also true for Facebook. However, political communication studies focusing on images have taken a particular approach to visuals and visual communication for a long time. Instead, we focus on the extent of the use of visual elements that are able to make images more formal or informal.Overall, findings support H5, as formal elements are rather favored on Facebook but not on Instagram. As all these studies focus on single platforms, we have no knowledge regarding cross-platform differences and similarities in personalized visual communication. No significant relationship can be found on Instagram, but this may be due to the fact that on this platform, almost all pictures are self-made, so the variance of this variable is low. Self-made visual content and images that highlight personal traits ( Lalancette and Raynauld 2017) or candidates’ personal backgrounds ( Liebhart and Bernhardt 2017) are effective tools to foreground politicians while leaving their parties in the background.

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He also appears to be ever mindful of the image he portrays, putting great effort into his stance and gestures, and displays of presidential power.Such devices also prove effective, with even the simplest facial expression able to have a profound impact on people’s perceptions. However, what is clear, is that the existence and reproduction of the photographs is not just an illustration in a media article, but rather a refusal to capitulate or to be made invisible. Since that was published, however, Sunak has shifted his rhetoric on AI from talking mostly about the opportunities it will present to warning that it needs to be developed with “guardrails”.

On Facebook, 51 percent of all posts included pictures, while on Instagram that proportion was 93 percent (the remaining 7 percent was video content). Beyond the patterns of personalized communication, our results show several interesting characteristics of visual communication in general. While this engagement with the imagery obstructs any aim to distract from the violence taking place, it also raises questions regarding the selection and modification processes taking place. Results show that images are often used to personalize communication: While on Facebook the privatization dimension of personalization is more common and popular, on Instagram its individualization dimension prevails. But despite campaigns attempting to tap into the political currency of pictures, different content forms elicit different emotional responses.Fake news, for example, is awarded far greater power if delivered with an image that appears believable and reinforces existing media tropes and public beliefs. After formulating a detailed and exhaustive coding scheme that covers the most evident characteristics of politicians’ visual communication, we identified elements that made images more formal or informal. We need to embrace this moment of multi-sensory media to do new things and engage in politics in a multi-sensory, fun, and interesting way. Turning to the formal and informal elements, it seems that on Facebook, people particularly like visuals where political work is more at the forefront, such as policy content and posts where logos appear, while on Instagram, these visual tools do not trigger more reactions.