Esch T, Sonntag U, Esch SM, et al. Stress management and mind-body medicine: a randomized controlled longitudinal evaluation of students’ health and effects of a behavioral group intervention at a middle-size german university (SM-MESH). Forsch Komplementmed. 2013;20(2):129–37. Güthlin C. Response shift: alte Probleme der Veränderungsmessung, neu angewendet auf gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität. Z für Medizinische Psychologie. 2004;13:165–74. Ware J, Kosinski M, Turner-Bowker D, et al. How to score version 2 of the SF-12 Health Survey. Lincoln, US: Quality Metric Incorporated; 2002. During 2012–2019, uncontrolled quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from 112 student participants. Outcomes including changes in perceived stress (PSS), mindfulness (FMI/MAAS), self-reflection (GRAS), self-efficacy (GSE), empathy (SPF), and health-related quality of life (SF-12) were measured between the first (T0) and last sessions (T1). Qualitative data were obtained in focus groups at course completion and triangulated with quantitative data.

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Karpowicz SH, Haramati N. Using mind-body medicine for self-awareness and self-care in medical school. J Holist Healthc. 2009;6(Issue 2):p19-22. Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822–48. Participants showed improvement across most quantitative measures, including mindfulness, self-reflection, self-efficacy, and perceived stress. However, there were no changes in participant-reported QoL. Empathy, as an ability to take others’ perspective, showed improvement, as did the sense of distress at experiencing empathy. These outcomes were corroborated by focus groups reporting increases in students’ ability to self-regulate stressful experiences and improve their relationships with themselves and others. Participants also recognized the importance of MBM values in the doctor–patient relationship, patient care, and a more holistic view of medicine. At baseline, participants scored about one standard deviation above the mean of the standard PSS for German students [ 21], indicating a high stress load (see Table 3). For some students, this process had a real-life impact on how they related to themselves. For example, they made changes to their nutritional and other daily habits or developed a more generally increased sense of self-acceptance. Higher degrees of self-awareness also affected relationships formed by students in their social environment. These changes in relationships with others were mostly based on increased emotional openness, empathic recognition of the other, authenticity, and vulnerability. However, the course also lead to challenging experiences, as some students reported confronting individual emotional struggles or personal problems during MBM practice. Mind-body-medicine in medical educationOur qualitative analysis yielded four distinct main themes: “connections and relationships,” “well-being and stress reduction,” “self-awareness and personal growth,” and “mind-body-medicine in medical education.” Connections and relationships In her paper on problems with psychometric evaluation of health based QoL, Güthlin [ 15] expands on the confounding effect of “response shift”. Outcomes of QoL measurements may reflect real changes or they may be the consequence of “response shift” - a cognitive change in the reference system of the patient or changes in the values and concepts held about health and disease [ 15, 30]. After course participation students reported an increased awareness of the connection between stress, well-being, and self-care practices. However, they also described their difficulties to implement and sustain MBM practices both personally and in the face of a wider academic and medical system often perceived as largely uncaring about self-care practices. Thus, while both qualitative data and a reduction in quantitative stress measure (PSS) support a beneficial effect of course participation on students’ well-being, the overall experience may also have resulted in a shift of values and views that adversely affected QoL appraisal. Quantitative outcomes showed decreases in perceived stress and increased self-efficacy, mindfulness, self-reflection, and empathy. In focus groups, students reported greater abilities to self-regulate stressful experiences, personal growth and new insights into integrative medicine. Triangulation grounded these effects of MBM practice in its social context, creating an interdependent dynamic between experiences of self and others. The strengths of this evaluation include its rich dataset, compiled over eight years, and its mixed-methods approach, which allowed for multiple angles of triangulation between quantitative and qualitative data. However, several limitations emerged as a result of its exploratory nature. Under a pre-post evaluation study design, no control group was established. Furthermore, students voluntarily applied to the course, resulting in self-selection bias, and were selected for admission by faculty members. Within these constraints, sample randomization was not possible and participating students may have held certain beliefs or exhibited traits that predisposed them to benefit from MBM programs. Moreover, a continuous collection of data was not upheld for all courses, as quantitative and qualitative data were unavailable for two consecutive courses.

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Chen AK, Kumar A, Haramati A. The effect of mind body Medicine course on medical student empathy: a pilot study. Med Educ Online. 2016;21: 31196. Aukes LC, Geertsma J, Cohen-Schotanus J, et al. The development of a scale to measure personal reflection in medical practice and education. Med Teach. 2007;29(2–3):177–82. Maclaughlin BW, Wang D, Noone AM, et al. Stress biomarkers in medical students participating in a mind body medicine skills program. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:950461. Quantitative data were collected through printed and online questionnaires. Participants were asked to complete them before the first and after the last course session. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, no primary or secondary outcomes were predefined; furthermore, no sample size calculation was performed.Becoming part of the Body in Mind community is an essential for any true admirer of female beauty and nude photos of beautiful women. Always has been; always will. Begin your journey by considering our membership options and remember always to 'think beautiful'. We do. All models pictured nude on Body in Mind were at least 18 years old and of legal age when photographed.

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Brinkhaus B, Witt C. Making better doctors - using mind-body medicine skills as a self-care element in medical education at the Charite University Medical School. Forsch Komplementmed. 2012;19(1):4–6. High stress during medical education and its detrimental effects on student health is well documented. This exploratory evaluation study assesses a 10-week Mind-Body-Medicine student course, created to promote student self-care at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. Our results support those of previous studies on MBM programs for medical students at both American and European universities, which used either PSS [ 14, 20], distress tolerance [ 22], or salivary cortisol levels [ 23] to measure stress reduction. While decreased stress and increased self-care were also among the main results of qualitative MBM course evaluations [ 13, 14, 29], other quantitative studies could not replicate these effects on stress reduction using the PSS [ 7, 13, 33]. MBM courses have been evaluated in studies using various self-reported quantitative scores, qualitative surveys, and stress biomarkers. While it was generally found to reduce stress and promote empathy, self-care, and well-being [ 1, 13, 14, 22, 23, 29, 33], results for respective quantitative measures, such as the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), were not always consistent across studies [ 7, 13, 33]. Hilger-Kolb J, Diehl K, Herr R, et al. Effort-reward imbalance among students at german universities: associations with self-rated health and mental health. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2018;91(8):1011–20.

Dyrbye LN, Harper W, Durning SJ, et al. Patterns of distress in US medical students. Med Teach. 2011;33(10):834–9. Shiralkar MT, Harris TB, Eddins-Folensbee FF, et al. A systematic review of stress-management programs for medical students. Acad Psychiatry. 2013;37(3):158–64. After completing an MBM course, students reported reduced perceived stress, increased self-efficacy, mindfulness, empathy and positive engagement with integrative concepts of doctor–patient relationships. Further research with larger randomized confirmatory studies is needed to validate these benefits. Saunders PA, Tractenberg RE, Chaterji R. Promoting self-awareness and reflection through an experiential mind-body skills course for first year medical students. Med Teach. 2007;29(8):778–84. BiMGirls | Eraudica | PhotoDromm | Superbe.com | Gallery of Nudes | A-M-O-C | OnlyTease | This Year's Model | Zishy.com | Emily Bloom