individuals in Assam, including 2,613 in Kaziranga National Park, 125 in Orang National Park, 107 in Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary and 40 in Manas National Park. Greek historian and geographer Agatharchides (2nd century BC) mentions the rhinoceros in his book On the Erythraean Sea. [105] a b "Rhino Guide: Javan Rhinoceros". Archived from the original on 6 March 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2019. Torchia, Christopher (24 July 2017). "South Africa moves ahead on domestic trade in rhino horn". ABC . Retrieved 24 July 2017. Bulls are usually solitary. Groups consist of cows with calves, or of up to six subadults. Such groups congregate at wallows and grazing areas. They are foremost active in early mornings, late afternoons and at night, but rest during hot days. [14]

What is a rhinoceros horn made of?". Yesmag.bc.ca. 9 October 2003. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2010. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link)Indian rhinos form a variety of social groupings. Bulls are generally solitary, except for mating and fighting. Cows are largely solitary when they are without calves. Mothers will stay close to their calves for up to four years after their birth, sometimes allowing an older calf to continue to accompany her once a newborn calf arrives. Subadult bulls and cows form consistent groupings, as well. Groups of two or three young bulls often form on the edge of the home ranges of dominant bulls, presumably for protection in numbers. Young cows are slightly less social than the bulls. Indian rhinos also form short-term groupings, particularly at forest wallows during the monsoon season and in grasslands during March and April. Groups of up to 10 rhinos, typically a dominant male with females and calves, gather in wallows. [18] Partridge, E. (1983). "ūnicornis". Origins: a Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York: Greenwich House. p.296. ISBN 0-517-41425-2. In 2022, the total Indian rhinoceros population was estimated to 4014, up from 2,577 in 2006. Among them 3262 are in India and the remaining 752 are in Nepal and Bhutan. There is not permanent rhino population in Bhutan, but small rhino populations are occasionally known to cross from the Manas National Park or Buxa Tiger Reserve in India. [26] The distribution of rhino in India is as follows: [27] [28] Boitani, L. (1984). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Books. ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1. a b Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198508239.

In captivity, four Indian rhinos are known to have lived over 40 years, the oldest living to be 47. [14] Threats [ edit ] Mughal emperor Babur on a rhino hunt, 16th century. Habitat degradation and floods [ edit ] Sheikh, K. M.; Molur, S. (2004). Status and Red List of Pakistan's Mammals. Based on the Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (PDF). IUCN Pakistan. Beachy, Ben (7 December 2015). "Sharks, Tigers, and Elephants: New Analysis Reveals TPP Threats to Endangered Species". Sierra Club. Rhinoceros unicornis was the scientific name used by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 who described a rhinoceros with one horn. As type locality, he indicated Africa and India. [9]

7. Javan rhinos are only found in one small place

The Western Sumatran Rhino (D. s. sumatrensis) is extinct. The rhinos of Peninsular Malaysia were once known as s. niger , but the name was later recognized as a synonym of D. s. sumatrensis . Vigne, Lucy; Martin, Esmond (January–March 2018). "Amid conflict, Yemen's demand for rhino horn daggers continues" (PDF). Swara. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2023 – via Rhino Resource Center.

Rookmaaker, K. (2014). "Three rhinos on maps of India drawn in Faizabad in the 18th century". Pachyderm (55): 95–96. Biggs, D.; Courchamp, F.; Martin, R.; Possingham, H. P. (1 March 2013). "Legal Trade of Africa's Rhino Horns" (PDF). Science. 339 (6123): 1038–1039. Bibcode: 2013Sci...339.1038B. doi: 10.1126/science.1229998. PMID 23449582. S2CID 206545172. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2018. Captive bulls breed at five years of age, but wild bulls attain dominance much later when they are larger. In one five-year field study, only one Indian rhino estimated to be younger than 15 years mated successfully. Captive cows breed as young as four years of age, but in the wild, they usually start breeding only when six years old, which likely indicates they need to be large enough to avoid being killed by aggressive bulls. Their gestation period is around 15.7 months, and birth interval ranges from 34 to 51 months. [18] In June 2014, the first "successful" live-birth from an artificially inseminated rhino took place at the Buffalo Zoo in New York. As in Cincinnati, cryopreserved sperm was used to produce the female calf, Monica. [44] Cultural significance [ edit ]Khan, A.M.; Cerdeno, E.; etal. (June 2014). "New fossils of Gaindatherium (Rhinocerotidae, Mammalia) from the Middle Miocene of Pakistan". Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences. 23: 452–461. doi: 10.3906/yer-1312-24.