a b Two recent reliable sources cited here have total atmospheric compositions, including trace molecules, that exceed 100%. This time, even greater emphasis is placed on verbal context for each image, with a predominantly social commentary which acts as a moral tax on the visual delights. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers on board ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface. Arthus-Bertrand's aerial photographs have been assembled into a daybook, using 170 shots from his original volume plus 195 new ones. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen, for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.

The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.

Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can condense into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds of ice particles. kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate.

He is especially well known for his book The Earth from the Air, which has sold millions of copies since its first publication in 1999.The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, known collectively as air, retained by Earth's gravity that surrounds the planet and forms its planetary atmosphere. Blue light is scattered more than other wavelengths by the gases in the atmosphere, surrounding Earth in a visibly blue layer at the stratosphere, above the clouds of the troposphere, when seen from space on board the ISS at an altitude of 335 km (208 mi) (the Moon is visible as a crescent in the far background). Yann Arthus-Bertrand is a world-renowned aerial photographer, journalist, reporter and environmentalist. Outgassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids, produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases.

A) Mole fraction is sometimes referred to as volume fraction; these are identical for an ideal gas only.How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the " faint young Sun paradox". Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum.