Without prejudice to Articles 107 and 108 TFEU, policies supporting renewable energy should be predictable and stable and should avoid frequent or retroactive changes. Policy unpredictability and instability have a direct impact on capital financing costs, on the costs of project development and therefore on the overall cost of deploying renewable energy in the Union. Member States should prevent the revision of any support granted to renewable energy projects from having a negative impact on their economic viability. In that context, Member States should promote cost-effective support policies and ensure their financial sustainability. Moreover, a long-term indicative schedule covering the main aspects of the expected support should be published, without affecting the ability of Member States to decide on budget allocation in the years covered by the schedule. The main polymeric constituents of wood (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were determined through a fiber analysis based on the Van Soest gravimetric method using α-amylase [ 34]. From each sample unit, 0.5 g of dry wood of homogenous particle size (through a mesh 60/40, 0.274/0.516 mm) was taken and then introduced into ANKOM filter bags and submitted to the sequential digestions indicated by the method using an ANKOM-200 fiber analyzer [ 23, 35]. The estimated parameters were neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin insoluble in sulfuric acid at 72 %, 1 N (IL). The chemical composition analyses were performed three times for each sample. The proportion of hemicellulose was calculated as the subtraction of ADF from NDF (NDF-ADF), the proportion of cellulose as the subtraction of IL from ADF (ADF-IL), and for IL, an ash correction was applied, as the method indicates. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis

Lupoi JS, Singh S, Simmons BA, Henry RJ (2013) Assessment of lignocellulosic biomass using analytical spectroscopy: an evolution to high-throughput techniques. Bioenergy Res 7:1–23 P. Alvira; E. Tomas-Pejo; M. Ballesteros; M. J. Negro (2010). "Pretreatment Technologies for an Efficient Bioethanol Production Process Based on Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A Review". Bioresour. Technol. 101 (13): 4851–4861. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093. PMID 20042329. Kačík F, Šmíra P, Kačíková D, Reinprecht L, Nasswettrova A (2014) Chemical changes in fir wood from old buildings due to ageing. Cellul Chem Technol 48:79–88 Serrada Hierro R (2008) Apuntes de selvicultura. In: Serrada Hierro R (ed) Apuntes de selvicultura universidad politécnica de madrid (in Spanish). EUI Técnica Forestal, Madrid, pp 83–131 Calienno L, Lo Monaco A, Pelosi C, Picchio R (2014) Colour and chemical changes on photodegraded beech wood with or without red heartwood. Wood Sci Technol 48:1167–1180

Directive 2012/27/EU provides for guarantees of origin for proving the origin of electricity produced from high-efficiency cogeneration plants. However, no use is specified for such guarantees of origin, so their use may also be enabled when disclosing the use of energy from high-efficiency cogeneration.

Conover WJ, Iman RL (1981) Rank transformations as a bridge between parametric and nonparametric statistics. Am Stat 35:124–129 Le procédé (1) : la production d'éthanol ex BLC • Quatre étapes principales hémicellulose hydrolysée lignine Biomasse Prétraitement Hydrolyse lignine cellulose lignine cellulose hémicellulose glucose Fermentation éthanol Distillation Séchage éthanol anhydre Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008 Pineda-López MR, Ortega-Solis R, Sánchez-Velásquez LR, Ortiz-Ceballos G, Vázquez-Domínguez G (2013) Population structure of Abies religiosa (Kunth) Schltdl. et Cham., in the ejido El Conejo of the national park Cofre de Perote, Veracruz, Mexico (in Spanish). Rev Chapingo Ser Ciencias For y del Ambient 19:375–385 We discuss the application of various methods for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to end products i.e. biofuels. The lignocellulosic biomass must be pretreated to disintegrate lignocellulosic complexes and to expose its chemical components for downstream processes. After pretreatment, the lignocellulosic biomass is then subjected to saccharification either via acidic or enzymatic hydrolysis. Thereafter, the monomeric sugars resulted from hydrolysis step are further processed into biofuel i.e. bioethanol, biodiesel or butanol etc. through the fermentation process. The fermented impure product is then purified through the distillation process to obtain pure biofuel. The coherence between the objectives of this Directive and the Union's other environmental law should be ensured. In particular, during assessment, planning or licensing procedures for renewable energy installations, Member States should take account of all Union environmental law and the contribution made by energy from renewable sources towards meeting environmental and climate change objectives, in particular when compared to non-renewable energy installations.Renewables self-consumers should not face discriminatory or disproportionate burdens or costs and should not be subject to unjustified charges. Their contribution to the achievement of the climate and energy target and the costs and benefits that they bring about in the wider energy system should be taken into account. Member States should therefore generally not apply charges to electricity produced and consumed within the same premises by renewables self-consumers. However, Member States should be allowed to apply non-discriminatory and proportionate charges to such electricity if necessary to ensure the financial sustainability of the electricity system, to limit the support to what is objectively needed and to make efficient use of their support schemes. At the same time, Member States should ensure that renewables self-consumers contribute in a balanced and adequate way to the overall cost-sharing system of producing, distributing and consuming electricity, when electricity is fed into the grid. The study was carried out within the Cofre de Perote National Park (19° 31.908′ N; 97° 09. 246′ W), in the locality named Ejido El Conejo, in the municipality of Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. The climate is cool temperate subhumid, with a temperature range between −5 and 22 °C and a summer rainfall regime of 1200–1500 mm [ 2, 32]. In the study area, there are no weather stations. We were able to place dataloggers HOBO U23 Pro v2 (Onset Technologies) to register temperature and relative humidity (RH) only at three places across the AG (3000, 3250 and 3500 masl), and data collection was carried out during almost 15 months. With datalogger information of relative humidity and temperature, the other altitudes were estimated through linear equations. Field sampling Michalet R, Schöb C, Lortie CJ, Brooker RW, Callaway RM (2014) Partitioning net interactions among plants along altitudinal gradients to study community responses to climate change. Funct Ecol 28:75–86 The participation of local citizens and local authorities in renewable energy projects through renewable energy communities has resulted in substantial added value in terms of local acceptance of renewable energy and access to additional private capital which results in local investment, more choice for consumers and greater participation by citizens in the energy transition. Such local involvement is all the more crucial in a context of increasing renewable energy capacity. Measures to allow renewable energy communities to compete on an equal footing with other producers also aim to increase the participation of local citizens in renewable energy projects and therefore increase acceptance of renewable energy. Due to their wide distribution and economic value, conifers, to which the genus Abies belongs, are among the most sought-after trees. The wood of Abies religiosa (Kuntch) Schldl . et Cham, also known as abeto (sacred fir) or oyamel, a conifer with wide distribution in Mexico and Guatemala, is very much appreciated due to its physical and mechanical properties [ 26, 27]. These trees develop under the geographic, climatic and ecological conditions characteristic of mountainous areas, within an altitudinal gradient from 2400 to 3600 meters above sea level (masl), notably along the so-called Neovolcanic Transversal Axis [ 28]. In the state of Veracruz in Mexico, it is found mostly at the Cofre de Perote National Park, where trees are distributed along circular bands within a gradient from 3000 to 3500 masl [ 26, 29].

Xu G, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Korpelainen H, Li C (2013) Effect of warming on extracted soil carbon pools of Abies faxoniana forest at two elevations. For Ecol Manage 310:357–365 Guarantees of origin issued for the purposes of this Directive have the sole function of showing to a final customer that a given share or quantity of energy was produced from renewable sources. A guarantee of origin can be transferred, independently of the energy to which it relates, from one holder to another. However, with a view to ensuring that a unit of renewable energy is disclosed to a customer only once, double counting and double disclosure of guarantees of origin should be avoided. Energy from renewable sources in relation to which the accompanying guarantee of origin has been sold separately by the producer should not be disclosed or sold to the final customer as energy from renewable sources. It is important to distinguish between green certificates used for support schemes and guarantees of origin.Moura JCMS, Bonine CAV, Viana JdOF, Dornelas MC, Mazzafera P (2010) Abiotic and biotic stresses and changes in the lignin content and composition in plants. J Integr Plant Biol 52:360–376 Y. Sun, J. Cheng (2002). "Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials for Ethanol Production: a Review". Bioresour. Technol. 83 (1): 1–11. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-7. PMID 12058826.

Rosu D, Teaca CA, Bodirlau R, Rosu L (2010) FTIR and color change of the modified wood as a result of artificial light irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 99:144–149 Lara-González R, Sánchez-Velásquez LR, Corral-Aguirre J (2009) Regeneration of Abies religiosa in canopy gaps versus understory, Cofre de Perote national park, México (in Spanish). Agrociencia 43:739–747 Richardson AD (2004) Foliar chemistry of balsam fir and red spruce in relation to elevation and the canopy light gradient in the mountains of the northeastern United States. Plant Soil 260:291–299 a b Wyman, Charles E.; Dale, Bruce E.; Elander, Richard T.; Holtzapple, Mark; Ladisch, Michael R.; Lee, Y. Y. (2005-12-01). "Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies". Bioresource Technology. 96 (18): 1959–1966. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.010. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 16112483. Sánchez-Velásquez LR, Pineda-López MR, Martínez AH (1991) Distribución y estructura de la población de Abies religiosa (H.B.K.) Schl. et Cham., en el Cofre de Perote, Estado de Veracruz, México (in Spanish). Acta Botánica Mex 16:45–55At national, regional and where applicable local level, rules and obligations for minimum requirements for the use of energy from renewable sources in new and renovated buildings have led to considerable increases in the use of energy from renewable sources. Those measures should be encouraged in a wider Union context, while promoting the use of more energy-efficient applications of energy from renewable sources in combination with energy-savings and energy-efficiency measures through building regulations and codes.