The team then sought to identify an ideal shape for a single-part prosthetic foot that would be simple and affordable to manufacture, while still producing a leg trajectory very similar to that of able-bodied walkers. ISO 10328:2016 - Prosthetics — Structural testing of lower-limb prostheses — Requirements and test methods”, 2016. https://www.iso.org/standard/70205.html

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Instead of designing a prosthetic foot to replicate the motions of an able-bodied foot, he and Olesnavage looked to design a prosthetic foot that would produce lower-leg motions similar to those of an able-bodied person’s lower leg as they walk. This really opened up the design space for us,” Winter says. “We can potentially drastically change the foot, so long as we make the the lower leg do what we want it to do, in terms of kinematics and loading, because that’s what a user perceives.” It is also possible to get prosthetic feet with an adjustable ankle to allow the individual to wear different height shoes

Rehabilitation Is an Ongoing, Collaborative Process

In spite of having a very simple design, SACH feet respond to functional necessities in all the phases of the gait. Prosthetic feet can be made from wood, rubber, urethane, titanium, fibre glass and carbon fibre. They can be lightweight, energy-storing, or dynamic and some can allow adjustability of heel height. All prosthetic feet should provide passive plantar flexion in early stance, neutral position in mid stance and toe hyperextension in late stance Hansen AH, Sam M, Childress DS (2004) The effective foot length ratio: a potential tool for characterization and evaluation of prosthetic feet. JPO J Prosth Orth 16(2):41–45

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The most basic prosthetic feet come in two types: Solid Ankle Cushioned Heel (SACH) and Elastic Keel configurations. These designs consist of crepe neoprene or urethane foam molded over an inner keel and shaped to resemble a human foot. Because they have no hinged parts, these basic feet are relatively inexpensive, durable and virtually maintenance-free. These feet offer cushioning and energy absorption but do not store and return the same amount of energy as dynamic-response feet. SACH and elastic keel feet are generally prescribed for amputees who do a limited amount of walking with little variation in speed. Articulated prosthetic feet may be single-axis or multi-axis in their design. “Axis” refers to motion in one or more of three different planes, similar to the movement of the natural foot. Prosthetic feet that have movement in two or three axes provide increased mobility at the ankle, which helps stabilize the user while navigating on uneven surfaces.

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Naveed, A., Ahmed, M. H., Fatima, U., & Tiwana, M. I. (2016, August). Design and Analysis of Dynamic Energy Return Prosthesis Foot Using Finite Element Method. in 2016 8th international conference on intelligent human-machine systems and cybernetics (IHMSC) (Vol. 2, pp. 526–530). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IHMSC.2016.138 In 2012, soon after Winter joined the MIT faculty, he was approached by Jaipur Foot, a manufacturer of artificial limbs based in Jaipur, India. The organization manufactures a passive prosthetic foot, geared toward amputees in developing countries, and donates more than 28,000 models each year to users in India and elsewhere.