While there has been considerable focus in the United States on Iran’s military capabilities and activities, there has been far less attention devoted to Iran’s “soft power” and its efforts to expand influence. This brief focuses on Iranian soft power and asks: How do Iranian leaders view soft power? How does Iran attempt to export soft power? And what are Iran’s weaknesses? To answer these questions, this report compiles quantitative and qualitative information— some of which is new—on elements of Iran’s soft power. Gallarotti, Giulio (2010). Cosmopolitan Power in International Relations: A Synthesis of Realism, Neoliberalism, and Constructivism, NY: Cambridge University Press. How hard and soft power can be combined to optimize national power. Iran’s vulnerabilities suggest that a major component of U.S. competition with Iran should be ideological.

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Soft Power Survey 2018/19". Monocle. 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13 . Retrieved 2018-12-21.

Carnes Lord, "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power," in Waller, ed., Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare (IWP Press, 2008) Bourke, Latik (2023-03-02). "Australia slips again in global soft power ranking". The Sydney Morning Herald. With New Bank, China Shows U.S. It's Got Soft Power". Forbes. 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 31 July 2015.

Soft War: The Ethics of Unarmed Conflict

Price, “Iran and the Soft War,” International Journal of Communi- cations 6 (2012): 2397-2415; Saikal, Iran Rising, 157-158.The report makes three main arguments. First, Iran is explicitly engaged in a “soft war,” or jang-e narm, with the West—especially the United States. 1 As former Iranian intelligence chief Heidar Moslehi remarked, “We do not have a physical war with the enemy, but we are engaged in heavy information warfare with the enemy.” 2 Second, Iran uses both formal and informal instruments to wage jang-e narm. Examples range from official television broadcasting through organizations like the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting to informal cultural centers. Third, Iran has weaknesses and vulnerabilities that stem, in part, from its authoritarian system and self-perception as the vanguard of Shia Islam, which have undermined the legitimacy of its message and created inefficiency and corruption. The United States’ greatest strengths—its support of democratic principles, open markets, and free press—are Iran’s most significant weaknesses. Iran’s authoritarian political system and attempt to control access to information make it vulnerable to a U.S. and Western information campaign. But U.S. efforts to ideologically compete with Iran have been ad hoc and poorly funded. The United States and other Western governments need to step up efforts to compete with Iran through soft power, not just focus on military, financial, and diplomatic means. Nye, Joseph (3 May 2004b). "Europe's Soft Power". The Globalist. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015. Parmar, Inderjeet and Michael Cox, eds. (2010). Soft Power and US Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives, Routledge. Korean wave spreads overseas". BBC News. 2011-04-27. Archived from the original on 2021-10-05 . Retrieved 2021-10-05. Soft Power Survey 2012". Monocle. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013.