Weiskrantz, L. (1997). Consciousness lost and found: A neuropsychological exploration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Robin Skynner praised the clarity of its presentation of the ideas of the great twentieth-century figures in their socio-historical contexts. [8] Ellenberger's account of Pierre Janet has also been singled out for special mention; [9] while Anthony Stevens has made use of his concept of "creative illness" in his account of Jung. [10] Sulloway, Frank J. (1979). Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend. New York: Burnett Books. ISBN 0-233-97177-7. Henri Ellenberger, "Dynamic Psychiatry: An Introduction. Lecture at the Menninger School of Psychiatry on August 22, 1956, Topeka, Kansas", ed. Emmanuel Delille, Zinbun (Kyoto University 2016), 47, p.125-128.

Given the uncertainty of the future and the slow rate of genetic change, our genes have provided us not with fixed responses to specific events (because these cannot be anticipated with any degree of accuracy), but with general tendencies that are adaptive across local variations ( Dawkins, 1976). It is for this reason that evolution has shaped us to be open-ended systems ( Mayr, 1976). This open-ended quality gives room for “fine-tuning” the newborn to local conditions. Much of this is given to us by human culture, the local conditions (mainly social) of the world into which we happen to be born. Dawkins (1976) noted that phenotypic plasticity enables the infant to absorb, entirely automatically, “an already invented and largely debugged system of habits in the partly unstructured brain” (p. 193).Kovel, Joel (1991). A Complete Guide to Therapy: From Psychoanalysis to Behaviour Modification. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-013631-2. Murray, Christopher John (2004). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850. Taylor and Francis. pp.1001–1002. ISBN 1-57958-422-5. Westen D. The scientific status of unconscious processes: Is Freud really dead? Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 1999; 47:1061–1106. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] From the point of view of modern psychology, perhaps the most significant of this earlier work was by one of Freud’s intellectual heroes, Helmholtz, who wrote about the importance of unconscious processes in visual perception. A second important line from a contemporary of Freud’s, Pierre Janet, focused on a number of puzzling phenomena that still engage us today. These include phenomena such as hypnotism, and the temporary but substantial loss of memory seen in so-called ‘fugue’ states (a loss of awareness of one’s own identity, often involving wandering away from home as a reaction to emotional stress), and behaviours such as sleepwalking. Theories of the unconscious Some critics have doubted the existence of the unconscious altogether. [5] [6] [7] [8] Historical overview [ edit ] German [ edit ]

Haney, W.S. II. "Unity in Vedic aesthetics: the self-interac, the known, and the process of knowing". Analecta Husserliana and Western Psychology: A Comparison' 1934. Freud himself developed a number of models of the unconscious over the period of his work. His initial emphasis was on the dynamic aspects of the unconscious. This was in contrast to many earlier accounts of the unconscious in which, he argued, the unconscious simply played a descriptive role. That is, many earlier accounts of the unconscious had simply seen the unconscious as a ‘storehouse’ for forgotten memories that may or may not be remembered again. Freud, however, extended the range of influence of the unconscious into every aspect of both our waking and sleeping lives.Western philosophers such as Arthur Schopenhauer, [21] [22] Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, Carl Gustav Carus, Søren Aabye Kierkegaard, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche [23] and Thomas Carlyle [24] used the word unconscious. [25] Meyer-Dinkgräfe, Daniel "Hamlet's Procrastination: A Parallel to the Bhagavad-Gita, in Hamlet East West, edited by. Marta Gibinska and Jerzy Limon. Gdansk: Theatrum Gedanese Foundation, 1998e, pp. 187-195. Emmanuel Delille, "On the History of Cultural Psychiatry: Georges Devereux, Henri Ellenberger, and the Psychological Treatment of Native Americans in the 1950s", Transcultural Psychiatry, 53 (3), 2016, p. 392-411. Libet B. Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 1986; 8:529–566. [ Google Scholar] Bargh JA. Why subliminality does not matter to social psychology: Awareness of the stimulus versus awareness of its effects. In: Bornstein R, Pittman T, editors. Perception without awareness: Cognitive, clinical, and social perspectives. Guilford; New York: 1992. pp. 236–255. [ Google Scholar]

fr) Jean Bourbeau. Une bière avec la communauté espéranto de Montrealo (PDF), p. 40, Lumo, 2023 (1). Carl Gustav Jung agreed with Freud that the unconscious is a determinant of personality, but he proposed that the unconscious be divided into two layers: the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is a reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed, much like Freud's notion. The collective unconscious, however, is the deepest level of the psyche, containing the accumulation of inherited psychic structures and archetypal experiences. Archetypes are not memories but energy centers or psychological functions that are apparent in the culture's use of symbols. The collective unconscious is therefore said to be inherited and contain material of an entire species rather than of an individual. [36] The collective unconscious is, according to Jung, "[the] whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution, born anew in the brain structure of every individual". [37] Psychiatrist Anthony Stevens made use of Ellenberger's concept of "creative illness", a rare condition whose onset usually occurs after a long period of intense intellectual work, in his account of Jung. [12] Historian Paul Robinson wrote that The Discovery of the Unconscious paved the way for much of the criticism of Freud that followed in the 1980s. [13] Historian of science Roger Smith called the book "a magisterial – and readable – historical study". [14] Psychologist Louis Breger considered the book "extremely valuable". He credited Ellenberger with placing Freud's work in context, as well as with providing illuminating discussions of Adler, Jung, and Janet. [15] Philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and psychologist Sonu Shamdasani called the book a "monumental work". [16] See also [ edit ]

The Design Within: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Shakespeare: Edited by M. D. Faber. New York: Science House. 1970 An anthology of 33 papers on Shakespearean plays by psychoanalysts and literary critics whose work has been influenced by psychoanalysis. Bynum; Browne; Porter (1981). The Macmillan Dictionary of the History of Science. London. p.292. {{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link) The synthetic-hermeneutic method, commonly known as Jungian therapy, differs in many regards from Freudian psychoanalysis. As in Adlerian therapy, the patient does not lie on a couch but sits on a chair facing the psychotherapist” (p 960). Yes, this is how I prefer to practise, but am happy for people to lie on the couch should they wish to do so. Emmanuel Delille, "Teaching the History of Psychiatry in the 1950s: Henri Ellenberger's Lectures at the Menninger Foundation", Zinbun, 47, 2016, 109-124.