Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved December 27, 2015. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) This CG was of very short duration, exhibited highly branched channels and was very bright indicating that it was staccato lightning near New Boston, Texas. Staccato lightning is a cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) strike which is a short-duration stroke that (often but not always) appears as a single very bright flash and often has considerable branching. [97] These are often found in the visual vault area near the mesocyclone of rotating thunderstorms and coincides with intensification of thunderstorm updrafts. A similar cloud-to-cloud strike consisting of a brief flash over a small area, appearing like a blip, also occurs in a similar area of rotating updrafts. [98] Tennakone, Kirthi (2007). "Ball Lightning". Georgia State University. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008 . Retrieved September 21, 2007. Strangeway, Robert J. (1995). "Plasma Wave Evidence for Lightning on Venus". Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics. 57 (5): 537–556. Bibcode: 1995JATP...57..537S. doi: 10.1016/0021-9169(94)00080-8. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007 . Retrieved September 24, 2007.

Idone, V. P.; Orville, R. E.; Mach, D. M.; Rust, W. D. (1987). "The propagation speed of a positive lightning return stroke". Geophysical Research Letters. 14 (11): 1150. Bibcode: 1987GeoRL..14.1150I. doi: 10.1029/GL014i011p01150. NASA Dataset Information". NASA. 2007. Archived from the original on September 15, 2007 . Retrieved September 11, 2007. High-speed videos (examined frame-by-frame) show that most negative CG lightning flashes are made up of 3 or 4 individual strokes, though there may be as many as 30. [65] The result is that the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes positively charged while the middle to lower part of the thunderstorm cloud becomes negatively charged. [15] Contrary to popular belief, positive lightning flashes do not necessarily originate from the anvil or the upper positive charge region and strike a rain-free area outside of the thunderstorm. This belief is based on the outdated idea that lightning leaders are unipolar and originate from their respective charge region. [ citation needed]Minin, V. F.; Baibulatov, F. Kh. (1969). "On the nature of beaded lightning". Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 188 (4): 795–798. Warner, Tom A.; Lang, Timothy J.; Lyons, Walter A. (2014). "Synoptic scale outbreak of self-initiated upward lightning (SIUL) from tall structures during the central U.S. Blizzard of 1-2 February 2011". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 119 (15): 9530–9548. Bibcode: 2014JGRD..119.9530W. doi: 10.1002/2014JD021691. The upward motions within the storm and winds at higher levels in the atmosphere tend to cause the small ice crystals (and positive charge) in the upper part of the thunderstorm cloud to spread out horizontally some distance from the thunderstorm cloud base. This part of the thunderstorm cloud is called the anvil. While this is the main charging process for the thunderstorm cloud, some of these charges can be redistributed by air movements within the storm (updrafts and downdrafts). In addition, there is a small but important positive charge buildup near the bottom of the thunderstorm cloud due to the precipitation and warmer temperatures. [15] Thomson, E. M.; Uman, M. A.; Beasley, W. H. (January 1985). "Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records". Journal of Geophysical Research. 90 (D5): 8136. Bibcode: 1985JGR....90.8136T. doi: 10.1029/JD090iD05p08136. Humans have deified lightning for millennia. Idiomatic expressions derived from lightning, such as the English expression "bolt from the blue", are common across languages. At all times people have been fascinated by the sight and difference of lightning. The fear of lightning is called astraphobia.

Nag, Amitabh; Rakov, Vladimir A (2012). "Positive lightning: An overview, new observations, and inferences". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117 (D8): n/a. Bibcode: 2012JGRD..117.8109N. doi: 10.1029/2012JD017545. About 70% of lightning occurs over land in the tropics [36] where atmospheric convection is the greatest. Europe is already warming twice as fast as other continents, scientists have warned, with extreme weather such as flooding in 2021 already killing 188 people.

UK weather: Sunshine blitz before mercury soars to 30C in searing heatwave

Desmet, S; Orban, F; Grandjean, F (April 1, 1989). "On the Kelvin electrostatic generator". European Journal of Physics. 10 (2): 118–122. Bibcode: 1989EJPh...10..118D. doi: 10.1088/0143-0807/10/2/008. S2CID 121840275. Lightning Protection and Transient Overvoltage | VERDOLIN SOLUTIONS INC. | HIGH VOLTAGE POWER ENGINEERING SERVICES" (PDF). When Lightning Strikes Out of a Blue Sky". DNews. Archived from the original on November 1, 2015 . Retrieved October 15, 2015. Souness is also in the frame because of his reputation as an impact manager. He is also available, lives locally and Bolton know he is up for a return to the dug-out. Many factors affect the frequency, distribution, strength and physical properties of a typical lightning flash in a particular region of the world. These factors include ground elevation, latitude, prevailing wind currents, relative humidity, and proximity to warm and cold bodies of water. To a certain degree, the proportions of intra-cloud, cloud-to-cloud, and cloud-to-ground lightning may also vary by season in middle latitudes.

Saunders, C. P. R. (1993). "A Review of Thunderstorm Electrification Processes". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 32 (4): 642–55. Bibcode: 1993JApMe..32..642S. doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1993)032<0642:AROTEP>2.0.CO;2. Prior to that effort, the gelded son of Alflora had been progressing nicely through the handicap ranks.

UK weather: Huge swathe of the nation set for thunderstorms amid 27C hot spell

In addition to ground-based lightning detection, several instruments aboard satellites have been constructed to observe lightning distribution. These include the Optical Transient Detector (OTD), aboard the OrbView-1 satellite launched on April 3, 1995, and the subsequent Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) aboard TRMM launched on November 28, 1997. [145] [146] [147] Vertical wind shear displacing the upper positive charge region of a thundercloud, exposing it to the ground below. Ribbon lightning occurs in thunderstorms with high cross winds and multiple return strokes. The wind will blow each successive return stroke slightly to one side of the previous return stroke, causing a ribbon effect. [95] The overall discharge, termed a flash, is composed of a number of processes such as preliminary breakdown, stepped leaders, connecting leaders, return strokes, dart leaders, and subsequent return strokes. [71] The conductivity of the electrical ground, be it soil, fresh water, or salt water, may affect the lightning discharge rate and thus visible characteristics. [72] Positive and negative lightning