Hemingway's language, his characterizations, his love for all the people he writes about (no matter how unsavory they may be), his love of women and men, his empathy with the pain people feel in life and love, his touch with locale, his integration of sport as metaphor and setting, his getting everything just right with nothing out of place and nothing superfluous, all of this makes The Sun Also Rises his most important novel. Thus, Jake is not merely a casualty of war in general, like the characters of Homer, Tolstoy, and others before him. Bayonets were still in use at this time; Hemingway could have made Jake a victim of one. Instead, Jake is injured specifically by the Great War's modern aspect — by modernity itself, one might say. Hemingway expanded upon this theme in A Farewell to Arms, the hero of which is famously wounded by an enemy bomb while eating a bowl of spaghetti. Pamplona's yearly fiesta of San Fermin, which will last for seven days, begins. Musicians and dancers fill the streets and shops — including the wine store, where Brett is placed on a cask so the Basque peasants can dance around her as if she were a pagan idol. Jake sleeps while his friends stay out all night and then attend the running of the bulls from the corrals to the bullring, through the streets of town. Jake meets the 19-year-old matador Pedro Romero, and the next day, after Romero performs admirably in the ring, Brett cannot help talking about her attraction to him.

After his divorce of 1927 from Hadley Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer. At the Spanish civil war, he acted as a journalist; afterward, they divorced, and he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, and Cuba during the 1930s and 1940s.

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My glass was empty. The waiter walked up to my table. “More absinthe miss?” He asked. “No, I better not. *burp*” I put my hand over my glass “I read somewhere that it can cause hallucinations and nightmares. Just some ice water please.” I said. He put an empty glass in front of me, tipped his picture of water over my glass until it was full, at that time he stopped pouring. Nagel, James (1996). "Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises". in Donaldson, Scott (ed). The Cambridge Companion to Ernest Hemingway. New York: Cambridge UP. ISBN 978-0-521-45574-9 The narrator and protagonist of the novel. Jake is an American veteran of World War I working as a journalist in Paris, where he and his friends engage in an endless round of drinking and parties. Although Jake is the most stable of his friends, he struggles with anguish over his love for Lady Brett Ashley, his impotence, and the moral vacuum that resulted from the war. Jake positions himself as an observer, generally using his insight and intelligence to describe only those around him, rarely speaking directly about himself. However, in describing the events and people he sees, Jake implicitly reveals much about his own thoughts and feelings.

When Brett and the Count visit Jake's apartment, Jake tells Brett he loves her and asks if they can live together. She replies that doing so is impossible because she would be tempted to cheat on him. She also tells him that she is about to travel to San Sebastian, a coastal town in the Basque region of Spain. Later, Brett admits to Jake that she feels miserable, apparently due to her unfulfilled love for him. Some readings I find myself in love with Lady Brett Ashley. Then I am firmly in Jake Barnes' camp, feeling his pain and wondering how he stays sane with all that happens around him. Another time I can't help but feel that Robert Cohn is getting a shitty deal and find his behavior not only understandable but restrained. Or I am with Mike and Bill and Romero on the periphery where the hurricane made by Brett and Jake and Robert destroys spirits or fun or nothing (which is decidedly something). I was sitting on the patio of a bar in Key West Florida. It was August, it was hot. The bar was on the beach where there was lots of sand and water. In the water I saw dolphins and waves. The dolphins jumped and the waves waved. Kinnamon, Keneth (2002). "Hemingway, the Corrida, and Spain". in Wagner-Martin, Linda (ed). Ernest Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises: A Casebook. New York: Oxford UP. ISBN 978-0-19-514573-1 In the 1920s Hemingway lived in Paris as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star, and traveled to Smyrna to report on the Greco–Turkish War. He wanted to use his journalism experience to write fiction, believing that a story could be based on real events when a writer distilled his own experiences in such a way that, according to biographer Jeffrey Meyers, "what he made up was truer than what he remembered". [7] Hemingway (left), with Harold Loeb, Duff Twysden (in hat), Hadley Richardson, Donald Ogden Stewart (obscured), and Pat Guthrie (far right) at a café in Pamplona, Spain, July 1925.Baker, Carlos (1987). "The Wastelanders". in Bloom, Harold (ed). Modern Critical Interpretations: Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises". New York: Chelsea House. ISBN 978-1-55546-053-2 Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey (2023). “ The Sun Also Rises: A Pilgrimage Novel”. The Hemingway Review. 42 (2): 25–55 https://www.academia.edu/101457931/ Legislative restrictions on immigration, especially from southern and eastern Europe, in the Immigration Act of 1921 and the Johnson Act (1924). Reynolds believes The Sun Also Rises could have been written only circa 1925: it perfectly captured the period between World WarI and the Great Depression, and immortalized a group of characters. [110] In the years since its publication, the novel has been criticized for its antisemitism, as expressed in the characterization of Robert Cohn. Reynolds explains that although the publishers complained to Hemingway about his description of bulls, they allowed his use of Jewish epithets, which showed the degree to which antisemitism was accepted in the US after World WarI. Hemingway clearly makes Cohn unlikeable not only as a character but as a character who is Jewish. [111] Critics of the 1970s and 1980s considered Hemingway to be misogynistic and homophobic; by the 1990s his work, including The Sun Also Rises, began to receive critical reconsideration by female scholars. [112] Legacy and adaptations [ edit ] Hemingway, Ernest (1926). The Sun Also Rises. New York: Scribner. 2006 edition. ISBN 978-0-7432-9733-2