Further information: History of Modern Turkish painting, İznik pottery, and Turkish illumination 16th-century map of Istanbul by Matrakçı Nasuh Chacon, Richard J.; Mendoza, Rubén G. (2017). Feast, Famine or Fighting?: Multiple Pathways to Social Complexity. Springer. p.120. ISBN 978-3-319-48402-0.

Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. [490] The men's national basketball team and women's national basketball team have been successful. Anadolu Efes S.K. is the most successful Turkish basketball club in international competitions. [491] [492] Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague in three consecutive seasons ( 2016, 2017 and 2018), becoming the European champions in 2017. The final of the 2013–14 EuroLeague Women basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, and won by Galatasaray. [493] The women's national volleyball team has won several medals. [494] Women's volleyball clubs, namely VakıfBank S.K., Fenerbahçe and Eczacıbaşı, have won numerous European championship titles and medals. [495] Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180 BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in c. 695 BC. [54] The most powerful of Phrygia's successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia. After World War II, starting from 1946, Turkey operated under a multi-party system. On the right side of the Turkish political spectrum, parties like the Democrat Party, Justice Party, Motherland Party, and Justice and Development Party became the most popular political parties in Turkey, winning numerous elections. Turkish right-wing parties are more likely to embrace the principles of political ideologies such as conservatism, nationalism or Islamism. [157] On the left side of the spectrum, parties like the Republican People's Party, Social Democratic Populist Party and Democratic Left Party once enjoyed the largest electoral success. Left-wing parties are more likely to embrace the principles of socialism, Kemalism or secularism. [158] The Ministry of Health has run a universal public healthcare system since 2003. [454] Known as Universal Health Insurance ( Genel Sağlık Sigortası), it is funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%. [454] Public-sector funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures. [454] Despite the universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, compared to the OECD average of 9.3%. [454] The lower health care expenditure is due to lower median age in Turkey which is 32.4, compared to Italy which is 47.3. [455] Aging population is the prime reason for higher healthcare expenditure in the developed world. [456] See also: Football in Turkey Turkey won numerous international accolades, including the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship. VakıfBank S.K. are currently one of the best women's volleyball teams in the world, having won the FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship a record four times and the European Champions League six times to date.The common threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War led to Turkey's membership of NATO in 1952, ensuring close bilateral relations with the US. Subsequently, Turkey benefited from the United States' political, economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union. [172] In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle East, the Caucasus and the Balkans. [173] Turkey has a unitary structure in terms of public administration, and the provinces are subordinate to the central government in Ankara. In province centers the government is represented by the province governors ( vali) and in towns by the governors ( kaymakam). Other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government, except for the mayors ( belediye başkanı) who are elected by the constituents. [143] Turkish municipalities have local legislative bodies ( belediye meclisi) for decision-making on municipal issues.

The first radical step of innovation in 20th century Turkish poetry was taken by Nâzım Hikmet, who introduced the free verse style. Another revolution in Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the Garip movement led by Orhan Veli, Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet. Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the military for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education and job location. [202] Turkey does not recognize conscientious objection and does not offer a civilian alternative to military service. [203] TCG Anadolu (L-400) amphibious assault ship at the Golden Horn. [204] [205] [206] [207] Baykar MIUS Kızılelma is a jet-engined UCAV designed to operate on TCG Anadolu. [204] [208] [209] [210] [211] With the assimilation of immigrants from various regions the diversity of musical genres and musical instrumentation also expanded. Turkey has also seen documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic styles of Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Polish and Jewish communities, among others. [475] In 2013 there were 98 airports, [318] including 22 international airports. [319] Istanbul Airport is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per year. [320] [321] Turkish Airlines uses Istanbul Airport, which has a current annual capacity of serving 90 million passengers, as its main hub and several other airlines operate in the country. Turkish Airlines has scheduled services to 315 destinations in 129 countries, making it the largest mainline carrier in the world by number of countries served. [322] [323] [315]According to the Constitutional Court, there are only four officially recognized minorities in Turkey: the three " non-Muslim" minorities recognized in the Treaty of Lausanne ( Armenians, Greeks, and Jews [a]) and the Bulgarians, [b] to which the minority protections of the Lausanne Treaty were extended by the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty of 18 October 1925. [365] [368] [369] [370] In 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court ruled that the minority provisions of the Lausanne Treaty should also apply to Assyrians in Turkey and the Syriac language. [371] [372] [373] The House of Seljuk originated from the Kınık branch of the Oghuz Turks who resided in the Yabgu Khaganate, on the periphery of the Muslim world, in the 9th century. [95] In the 10th century the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into Persia, which became the administrative core of the Great Seljuk Empire, after its foundation by Tughril. [96] Tansu Çiller became the first female prime minister from 1993 to 1996. The EU-Turkey Customs Union agreement was signed in 1995 during Çiller's government. a b Tatz, Colin; Higgins, Winton (2016). The Magnitude of Genocide. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-4408-3161-4.