Burnett, M. E.; Wang, S. Q. (2011). "Current sunscreen controversies: a critical review". Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 27 (2): 58–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2011.00557.x. PMID 21392107. S2CID 29173997. Short-waveUV, germicidalUV, ionizing radiation at shorter wavelengths, completely absorbed by the ozone layer and atmosphere: hardUV. Bally, John; Reipurth, Bo (2006). The Birth of Stars and Planets. Cambridge University Press. p.177.

Vitamin D promotes the creation of serotonin. The production of serotonin is in direct proportion to the degree of bright sunlight the body receives. [49] Serotonin is thought to provide sensations of happiness, well-being and serenity to human beings. [50] Skin conditions [ edit ]

Reptiles need UVB for biosynthesis of vitamin D, and other metabolic processes. [116] Specifically cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which is needed for basic cellular / neural functioning as well as the utilization of calcium for bone and egg production. [ citation needed] The UVA wavelength is also visible to many reptiles and might play a significant role in their ability survive in the wild as well as in visual communication between individuals. [ citation needed] Therefore, in a typical reptile enclosure, a fluorescent UV a/b source (at the proper strength / spectrum for the species), must be available for many [ which?] captive species to survive. Simple supplementation with cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) will not be enough as there's a complete biosynthetic pathway [ which?] that is "leapfrogged" (risks of possible overdoses), the intermediate molecules and metabolites [ which?] also play important functions in the animals health. [ citation needed] Natural sunlight in the right levels is always going to be superior to artificial sources, but this might not be possible for keepers in different parts of the world. [ citation needed] Although rechargeable batteries are preferable, the Esco Lite may be powered by regular disposable cells (three AA standard alkaline batteries, like others on our list). With completely charged batteries, it can operate for four to six hours. The greatest tactical flashlight can benefit from having this accessory. UV Flashlight with 51 LED by Vansky Sensitive polymers include thermoplastics and speciality fibers like aramids. UV absorption leads to chain degradation and loss of strength at sensitive points in the chain structure. Aramid rope must be shielded with a sheath of thermoplastic if it is to retain its strength.

Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5". Archived from the original on 27 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2009.

The discovery of the ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths below 200nm, named "vacuum ultraviolet" because it is strongly absorbed by the oxygen in air, was made in 1893 by German physicist Victor Schumann. [16] Subtypes [ edit ] Photography by reflected ultraviolet radiation is useful for medical, scientific, and forensic investigations, in applications as widespread as detecting bruising of skin, alterations of documents, or restoration work on paintings. Photography of the fluorescence produced by ultraviolet illumination uses visible wavelengths of light. Svobodová AR, Galandáková A, Sianská J, etal. (January 2012). "DNA damage after acute exposure of mice skin to physiological doses of UVB and UVA light". Arch. Dermatol. Res. 304 (5): 407–412. doi: 10.1007/s00403-012-1212-x. PMID 22271212. S2CID 20554266. a b Moehrle, Matthias; Soballa, Martin; Korn, Manfred (2003). "UV exposure in cars". Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 19 (4): 175–181. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00031.x. ISSN 1600-0781. PMID 12925188. S2CID 37208948. UV radiation is useful in preparing low-surface-energy polymers for adhesives. Polymers exposed to UV will oxidize, thus raising the surface energy of the polymer. Once the surface energy of the polymer has been raised, the bond between the adhesive and the polymer is stronger.

On a new Imponderable Substance and on a Class of Chemical Rays analogous to the rays of Dark Heat", J.W. Draper, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 1842, LXXX, pp.453–461 Electronic components that require clear transparency for light to exit or enter (photovoltaic panels and sensors) can be potted using acrylic resins that are cured using UV energy. The advantages are low VOC emissions and rapid curing.

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Raj, Baldev; Jayakumar, T.; Thavasimuthu, M. (2002). Practical Non-destructive Testing. Woodhead Publishing. p.10. ISBN 9781855736009. a b Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Garewal H (June 2002). "DNA repair / pro-apoptotic dual-role proteins in five major DNA repair pathways: Fail-safe protection against carcinogenesis". Mutat. Res. 511 (2): 145–78. doi: 10.1016/S1383-5742(02)00009-1. PMID 12052432. These places will give you trouble-shooting information and guidance in case you're doing something wrong.UVB is a medium-wave ultraviolet spectrum that extends from 280 to 315 nm. In fact, the ozone layer absorbs nearly all of it. UVB radiation can cause direct DNA damage. [60] This cancer connection is one reason for concern about ozone depletion and the ozone hole. Ultraviolet absorbers are molecules used in organic materials ( polymers, paints, etc.) to absorb UV radiation to reduce the UV degradation (photo-oxidation) of a material. The absorbers can themselves degrade over time, so monitoring of absorber levels in weathered materials is necessary.