Farlow, J.A. (1987). "Speculations About the Diet and Physiology of Herbivorous Dinosaurs". Paleobiology. 13 (1): 60–72. doi: 10.1017/S0094837300008587. JSTOR 2400838. S2CID 88396062.

Although many sauropods may have traveled in herds, bonebeds of Apatosaurus fossils have not been found. Apatosaurus may have been a solitary animal. Bakker, R. T. (1994). "The Bite of the Bronto". Earth. 3 (6): 26–33. Archived from the original on February 9, 2015. During the Late Jurassic the environment was semi-arid, with forests, rivers and floodplains. There were distinct wet and dry seasons. How did Apatosaurus defend itself from predators? a b Foster, John (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. pp.273–329. ISBN 978-0-253-34870-8. The limb bones are also very robust. [18] Within Apatosaurinae, the scapula of Apatosaurus louisae is intermediate in morphology between those of A. ajax and Brontosaurus excelsus. The arm bones are stout, so the humerus of Apatosaurus resembles that of Camarasaurus, as well as Brontosaurus. However, the humeri of Brontosaurus and A. ajax are more similar to each other than they are to A. louisae. In 1936, Charles Gilmore noted that previous reconstructions of Apatosaurus forelimbs erroneously proposed that the radius and ulna could cross; in life they would have remained parallel. [15] Apatosaurus had a single large claw on each forelimb, a feature shared by all sauropods more derived than Shunosaurus. [15] [19] The first three toes had claws on each hindlimb. The phalangeal formula is 2-1-1-1-1, meaning the innermost finger (phalanx) on the forelimb has two bones and the next has one. [20] The single manual claw bone ( ungual) is slightly curved and squarely truncated on the anterior end. The pelvic girdle includes the robust ilia, and the fused (co-ossified) pubes and ischia. The femora of Apatosaurus are very stout and represent some of the most robust femora of any member of Sauropoda. The tibia and fibula bones are different from the slender bones of Diplodocus but are nearly indistinguishable from those of Camarasaurus. The fibula is longer and slenderer than the tibia. The foot of Apatosaurus has three claws on the innermost digits; the digit formula is 3-4-5-3-2. The first metatarsal is the stoutest, a feature shared among diplodocids. [15] [21] Discovery and species [ edit ] Initial discovery [ edit ] Arthur Lakes' painting of YPM crews excavating fossils of Apatosaurus ajax at Quarry 10 in Morrison.

Hatcher, J. B. (1902). "Structure of the fore limb and manus of Brontosaurus". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 1 (3): 356–376. doi: 10.5962/p.247231. S2CID 92181040. Apatosaurus swallowed leaves and other vegetation whole, without chewing them, and had gastroliths (stomach stones) in its stomach to help digest this tough plant material.

Mahoney, K. D. (2015). "Latin Definitions for: excelsus (Latin search)". LatDict Latin Dictionary and Grammar Resources. For more than 100 years, most scientists stopped using the well-known dinosaur name Brontosaurus. They thought that Brontosaurus and Apatosaurus fossils were the same thing. Description [ edit ] Comparison of A. ajax (orange) and A. louisae (red) with a human (blue) and Brontosaurus parvus (green)There are some potential physical differences between apatosaurus vs brontosaurus. We have already discussed that apatosaurus are larger than brontosaurus, but there are some other physical differences as well. One of the main differences that could be obvious but one we don’t know is the skull shape of these two dinosaurs. This is because a brontosaurus skull has never been properly discovered or found. Osborn, H.F. 1906. The skeleton of Brontosaurus and the skull of Morosaurus. Nature. 1890 (73), 282-284 Chure, Daniel J.; Litwin, Ron; Hasiotis, Stephen T.; Evanoff, Emmett; Carpenter, Kenneth (2006). "The fauna and flora of the Morrison Formation: 2006". In Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp.233–248.