Right out of the bag this substrate is great and, if you want to, you can plant your plants directly in the substrate. However, most plants won’t survive for long

I tend to opt for smaller succulents or air-plants as well as grasses suited to the more arid setup environment. Again you can buy live plants from the Northampton reptile centre.Pant D, Misra S, Nizami AS, Rehan M, van Leeuwen R, Tabacchioni S, Goel R, Sarma P, Bakker R, Sharma N, Kwant K, Diels L, Elst K (2019) Towards the development of a biobased economy in Europe and India. Crit Rev Biotechnol 39:779–799. https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2019.1618787 In this pre-treatment method, the surface area of biomass increased due to reduction in size and reduction in crystallinity index of the cellulose by techniques like mechanical comminution, extrusion and freezing. Each technique needs some optimum conditions, and a specific tool for biomass degradation like comminution needs milling tools, freezing needs low-temperature apparatus and extrusion needs extruder. Overall, physical methods are efficient, but the expense and power requirement is much higher than causes their restricted use. Zhang et al. [ 61] applied the extrusion pre-treatment on rice hull for enhanced hydrolysis yield. The optimum extrusion conditions used for the pre-treatment were 143 °C temperature, screw speed of 350 rpm and material diameter and moisture of 60 mesh and 29%, respectively. Huang et al. [ 62] applied ball milling on LCB (bagasse and Pennisetum) along with a small amount of alkali. The results revealed that the small alkali dosage could enhance the saccharification of bagasse and Pennisetum. Meng and Wang [ 63] used vacuum freeze-drying to pre-treat biomass, i.e. switchgrass, wheat straw and poplar. This study blended the samples with distilled water and frozen at –20 °C, followed by drying samples at − 52.1 °C. The results showed an enhanced pore structure of biomass through the water to ice transformation. Chemical Pre-treatment Singh A, Srivastava S, Rathore D (2021) Environmental microbiology and biotechnology: volume 2: bioenergy and environmental health. Springer, Singapore. https:// 103.7.177.7:80/handle/123456789/208333

Abad-Segura E, González-Zamar MD, Belmonte-Ureña LJ (2020) Effects of circular economy policies on the environment and sustainable growth: worldwide research. Sustainability 12:5792. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145792 Paper towels are another substrate option for the budget-conscious snake owner. Lay them along the bottom of the tank torn, shredded, or scrunched up. This versatility makes paper towels a convenient bedding choice. Pros: Lignocel is ideal for snakes that like to burrow because it doesn’t contain any sharp pieces or dust. Because it’s so absorbent, Lignocel holds on to humidity well. If your snake is recovering from respiratory problems, then Lignocel is a particularly good choice.Ferreira AF (2017) Biorefinery Concept. In: Rabaçal M, Ferreira AF, Silva CAM, Costa M (ed) Biorefineries: targeting energy, high value products and waste valorisation. Springer, Switzerland, pp 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48288-0 But I absolutely feel this is something that potential keepers need to realise. With a snake growing to around 5ft it in-turn requires a 4ft+ setup. Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP)- For a cleaner and more competitive Europe (European Commission, 2015). https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/circular-economy/new_circular_economy_action_plan.pdf

Cheah WY, Sankaran R, Show PL, Ibrahim TNBT, Chew KW, Culaba A, Jo-Shu C (2020) Pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic biofuels production: current advances, challenges and future prospects. Biofuel Res J 7:1115. https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2020.7.1.4 Take all of the bedding out and clean the enclosure fully with an antibacterial spray. Allow your snake’s living space to dry before replacing the bedding, and finally, reintroduce the snake to its home. Which Bedding for Corn Snakes Should I Buy? Royals will take a long soak from time to time. You’ll find it a common occurrence in the warmer summer months, as well as an increased possibility when the Royal is due to shed. A good soak will aid their cooling, and ease shedding. Konwar LJ, Mikkola JP, Bordoloi N, Saikia R, Chutia RS, Kataki R (2018) Sidestreams from bioenergy and biorefinery complexes as a resource for circular bioeconomy. In: Bhaskar T, Pandey A, Mohan SV, Lee DJ, Khanal SK (ed) Waste biorefinery: potential and perspectives. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 85–125 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63992-9.00003-3Frosch RA, Gallopoulos NE (1989) Strategies for manufacturing. Sci Am 261:144–153. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0989-144 Takkellapati S, Li T, Gonzalez MA (2018) An overview of biorefinery-derived platform chemicals from a cellulose and hemicellulose biorefinery. Clean Technol Environ Policy 20:1615–1630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1568-5 But for me, the main heat should come from above as to replicate wild and natural conditions. So I use a the Arcadia Deep Heat Projector (DHP) or ceramic bulb as opposed to a heat mat. Ginni G, Kavitha S, Kannah Y, Bhatia SK, Kumar A, Rajkumar M, Kumar G, Pugazhendhi A, Chi NTL (2021) Valorization of agricultural residues: different bio refinery routes. J Environ Chem Eng 9:105435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105435 Stegmann P, Londo M, Junginger M (2020) The circular bioeconomy: its elements and role in European bioeconomy clusters. Resour Conserv Recycl X 6:100029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcrx.2019.100029