Material giving rise to these enhanced exposures has become known as naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM). Sediments discharged in waste water into the environment have been measured with activities as high as 55,000 Bq/kg of Ra-226 and 15,000 Bq/kg of Ra-228. His hopes are up when his mum and dad tell him they'll give him half the money he needs, if he earns the other half. The production of REEs has been accompanied by the production of large volumes of thorium hydroxide and residues containing radioactive lead and radium. BOOK OF THE MONTH - the much awaited latest installment in this popular diary-style series for ages 7+.

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 2006, Sources-to-effects assessment for radon in homes and workplaces, Annex E to Volume II of the Report to the General Assembly, Effects of Ionizing Radiation, available on the UNSCEAR 2006 Report Vol. However, the double standard means that the same radionuclide, at the same concentration, can either be sent to deep disposal or released for use in building materials, depending on where it comes from. Hence the mined ore and concentrate contain both these and their decay products in their crystal lattice.These wastes include ore tailings and smelter slag, some of which contain elevated concentrations of uranium, thorium, radium and their decay products that were originally part of the process feed ore.

Meres combines great humour with a portrait of boy whose response to trauma is to ignore it, and also shows how embarrassment and shame can cause us all into unwise decisions. The mining and processing of metal ores, other than uranium, may also generate large quantities of NORM wastes. Radiation Protection, presentation given at the World Nuclear University Event –‘Key Issues in the World Nuclear Industry Today’, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.Scandium and yttrium are considered REE since they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanoids and exhibit similar chemical properties. The main radiological issue is occupational exposure to these radionuclides in airborne dusts in the processing plant. When he hears about a job as a paper boy he decides this is a good way to earn the money, but of course things never go right for poor old Norm.

My favourite character was Norm because he was very funny, especially when bad things keep happening to him!

e. beneath low-level, and therefore not requiring any special facilities for disposal) are between 10 Bq/g and 1 MBq/g for 'moderate amounts'– depending on the radionuclide in question and the chances of public exposure ( Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, IAEA July 2014), however in practice categorization of waste is strongly determined by where the waste comes from. Although the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) approved Bruce Power’s plans in 2011 and confirmed steam generator processing is an excellent example of responsible and safe nuclear waste management practices, this caused public controversy at the time, and following the Fukushima nuclear accident plans for this shipment were shelved.

and 1 mSv/yr (use restricted to roads, bridges, dams or, with dilution, low occupancy buildings) or above 1 mSv/yr (prohibited use). In 2010, the activity in the coal was about 58 GBq for each radionuclide in uranium decay series, and that as volatiles released to the atmosphere from the plant was 15. At higher altitudes, the dose due to both increases, meaning that mountain dwellers and frequent flyers are exposed to higher doses than others. mSv/yr dose limit results in a clearance level for Ra-226 of 500 Bq/kg for oil/gas scrap, compared with 10 Bq/kg for nuclear material. For most people, cosmogenic NORM barely contributes to dose – perhaps a few tens of microsieverts per year.For most human activities involving minerals and raw materials, the levels of exposure to these radionuclides are not significantly greater than normal background levels and are not of concern for radiation protection. The World of Norm, is a very comicale novel that contains hilarious things and slitley descusting too.