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An access-control list (ACL), with respect to a computer file system, is a list of permissions associated with an object. An ACL specifies which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed on given objects. Lin, Tom C. W. (3 July 2017). "The New Market Manipulation". Emory Law Journal. 66: 1253. SSRN 2996896. FPGA implementations of elliptic curve cryptography and Tate pairing over a binary field, Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal, 54 :12, (1077-1088), Online publication date: 1-Dec-2008.Encryption is used to protect the confidentiality of a message. Cryptographically secure ciphers are designed to make any practical attempt of breaking them infeasible. Symmetric-key ciphers are suitable for bulk encryption using shared keys, and public-key encryption using digital certificates can provide a practical solution for the problem of securely communicating when no key is shared in advance.

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