Thinking’ individuals make decisions based on logic and objective considerations, while ‘Feeling’ individuals make decisions based on subjective and personal values. Together with the prevailing patriarchal culture of Western civilization, this has led to the devaluation of feminine qualities altogether, and the predominance of the persona (the mask) has elevated insincerity to a way of life which goes unquestioned by millions in their everyday life. Psychological Types

Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung were two pioneering figures in the field of psychology, and while they shared some common ground, they also had significant differences in their theories. Here are some of them: The Unconscious Mind

The Traditional Color Wheel – primary, secondary, and tertiary colors

The MBTI uses a questionnaire to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions, assigning a type composed of four letters, like ‘ INFJ‘ or ‘ ESTP‘, based on their answers.

Jung believed that the form of the archetype was similar to the axial system of a crystal, which determines the structure of the crystal without having a physical existence of its own. The archetype is empty and purely formal, and the specific way in which it is expressed depends on the circumstances in which it is activated. The representations of the archetype are not inherited, only the forms, and they correspond to the instincts. The existence of the instincts and the archetypes cannot be proven unless they manifest themselves concretely. [10] Hutchison, Elizabeth D. (2019). Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p.176. ISBN 978-1-5443-3929-0. Kishbaugh, Geoffrey (1 April 2016). Becoming Self: A Jungian Approach to Paradise Lost. Masters Theses (Thesis). Jungian archetypes are defined as images and themes that derive from the collective unconscious, as proposed by Carl Jung. Melanie Klein: Melanie Klein's idea of unconscious phantasy is closely related to Jung's archetype, as both are composed of image and affect and are a priori patternings of psyche whose contents are built from experience. [5]

Jung didn’t follow this model and instead proposed a lifelong process of psychological development, which he termed individuation. Dream Analysis a b Hillman, James (2013). The Essential James Hillman: A Blue Fire. Hove: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-79961-0. OCLC 862611224. A well-adapted Persona can greatly contribute to our social success, as it mirrors our true personality traits and adapts to different social contexts. Furthermore, this psychic energy or libido also drives us towards seeking pleasure and fulfillment, which are integral to our self-realization and growth. In the context of these pairs, everyone has a ‘dominant’ function that tends to predominate in their personality and behavior, along with an ‘auxiliary’ function that serves to support and balance the dominant.

However, Jung’s work has also contributed to mainstream psychology in at least one significant respect. He was the first to distinguish the two major attitudes or orientations of personality – extroversion and introversion (Jung, 1923). Shamdasani, Sonu; Sonu, Shamdasani (2003). Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology: The Dream of a Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.309. ISBN 0-521-53909-9. The theory emphasizes the integration of various aspects of personality to achieve self-realization and encompasses universal and individual dynamics. According to Jungian psychology, archetypes form a common foundation for the experiences of all humans. Each individual builds their own experiences on top of this foundation, influenced by their unique culture, personality, and life events. While there are a relatively small number of innate and amorphous archetypes, they can give rise to a vast array of images, symbols, and behaviors. While the resulting images and forms are consciously recognized, the underlying archetypes are unconscious and cannot be directly perceived. [8] [9]

References

For instance, a person might have a fear of dogs due to a forgotten childhood incident. This fear, while not consciously remembered, is stored in the personal unconscious and could cause an irrational response whenever the person encounters dogs. Jung saw the libido not merely as sexual energy, but as a generalized life force or psychic energy. According to his theory, this energy is not only the driver behind our sexual desires but also fuels our spiritual, intellectual, and creative pursuits. According to Jung, the ego represents the conscious mind as it comprises the thoughts, memories, and emotions a person is aware of. The ego is largely responsible for feelings of identity and continuity. Jung argues that these archetypes are products of the collective experience of men and women living together.

Jung also used the terms "evocation" and "constellation" to explain the process of actualization. Thus for example, the mother archetype is actualized in the mind of the child by the evoking of innate anticipations of the maternal archetype when the child is in the proximity of a maternal figure who corresponds closely enough to its archetypal template. This mother archetype is built into the personal unconscious of the child as a mother complex. Complexes are functional units of the personal unconscious, in the same way that archetypes are units for the collective unconscious. [17] Stages of life [ edit ] An initiation ceremony in Papua New Guinea takes place. a b Allison, Scott T.; Goethals, George R. (2011). Heroes: What They Do and Why We Need Them. Oxford University Press. pp.3–17, 199–200. ISBN 9780199739745. Art or dance therapies: Jungian analysts believe that painting, drawing, and dancing are conduits through which the unconscious mind can express itself and that the exercises themselves may help repair the areas of a patient’s ailments that come through their art-making. Roesler, C. (2012). Are archetypes transmitted more by culture than biology? Questions arising from conceptualizations of the archetype. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 57(2), 223-246. In the context of the medieval period, British writer Geoffrey Chaucer's work The Canterbury Tales has been cited as an instance of the prominent use of Jungian archetypes. The Wife of Bath's Tale in particular within the larger collection of stories features an exploration of the bad mother and good mother concepts. The given tale's plot additionally contains broader Jungian themes around the practice of magic, the use of riddles, and the nature of radical transformation. [62]Jung viewed dreams as a tool for the psyche to communicate with the conscious mind, offering solutions to problems and revealing parts of the self through the use of universal symbols. Religion and Spirituality The following year this led to an irrevocable split between them and Jung went on to develop his own version of psychoanalytic theory. Fear of the dark, or of snakes and spiders might be examples, and it is interesting that this idea has recently been revived in the theory of prepared conditioning (Seligman, 1971).