Multiple initiatives have been developed by the State of Cameroon with the support, in some cases, of development partners for the integrated management of coastal zones, including: “the Grand Ecosystème Marin du Courant de Guinée” (GEM-CG) project ( MINEP, 2011); the National Action Plan for the Management of Marine and Coastal Zones ( MINEP, 2010); the National Strategy for the Management of Mangroves and Other Coastal Ecosystems in Cameroon; and the National Plan for Adaptation to Climate Change ( MINEPDED, 2015). Law No. 2004/003 of 21 April 2004 governing urban planning in Cameroon 3. Article 9 of this text stipulates that: land exposed to natural hazards (floods, erosion, landslides, earthquakes, etc.), parts of the public domain classified as such, and ecologically protected areas as defined by legislation relating to environmental management, are unbuildable, except for special prescriptions. According to the provisions of this text, it should contribute to regulating the occupation of the coastal strip. The coastal zone is an attractive, densely populated area that is particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change ( Noblet, 2015). Although there are widely varying figures on the distribution of the world’s population near the coasts, the global trend is towards a concentration of populations on the coasts ( Meur-Ferec, 2006). This permanent anthropic pressure towards the coasts is manifested by the urbanisation of the shores and the settlement of populations in areas often associated with high disaster risks ( Tricot, 2012). Human developments that generate significant impacts on coastal natural systems represent an element of exacerbation of the instability of this fragile environment reinforcing vulnerability to hazards by influencing the dynamics of the coastal system ( Weissenberger & Chouinard, 2015). Thus, the coast is a very particular territory in terms of risks. The multiplicity of natural phenomena to which it is subjected, the diversity and number of activities and human facilities that develop there give it a specific level and nature of vulnerability ( Meur-Ferec, 2006). This intrinsic vulnerability of coastal areas is exacerbated by climate change, which is reflected in particular in the rise in sea level, the impacts of which threaten the well-being of the populations living there. The IPCC (2014) estimates that low-lying coastal areas are at risk of death, injury, disease, disruption of livelihoods, deterioration of infrastructure networks and essential services due to storm surges, coastal flooding, and sea level rise. Furthermore, a strong causal link between mortality and water height during rapid flooding such as marine submersion has been demonstrated ( Vinet et al., 2011). The above-mentioned actors intervene on the ground through strategies, programmes or projects in favour of integrated coastal zone management.

The Ministry of Territorial Administration (MINAT) is, among other things, in charge of natural risk and disaster management through its Civil Protection Department. It has under its supervision the National Risk Observatory (ONR), whose missions are: to collect, manage and disseminate information on natural, technological, industrial and anthropic risks; and to ensure consultation and collaboration between the various administrations concerned, and the public and private, national and international bodies involved in preventive risk management. In accordance with the above-mentioned national projects and plans, several activities have been carried out in the Kribi-Campo area within the framework of integrated coastal zone management, including: the project for the conservation and participatory management of mangrove ecosystems; the project for the sustainable community management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems in Cameroon; and the COAST (Collaborative Actions for the sustainable Tourism) project.

ACC

The Ministry of the Economy, Planning and Territorial Development (MINEPAT) is responsible for the elaboration and coordination of planning and development projects at the local and national level in the medium and long term. It has under its supervision specialised public institutions such as the “Mission d’Étude et d’Aménagement de l’Océan” (MEAO) based in Kribi. The protection of coastal areas in Cameroon seems to be a priority in view of the related strategic documents and all the institutional actors involved. However, observations in the field and interviews with key actors reveal that most of the projects carried out concern the protection of mangroves, whereas the coastal strip of Cameroon is mainly made up of sandy coasts. Moreover, many of the projects envisaged are not effectively implemented, mainly because of their strong dependence on external funding. Thus, with regard to the phenomenon of coastal erosion, the main achievements in terms of fixing the coastline, notably the construction of dykes and riprap, are carried out by individuals to protect their investments. The Numerology Number of the name Ghjghj is 5. Numerology is a practice that assigns numerical values to letters in a name to determine the significance of the name. The exploitation of regulatory texts reveals that Cameroon has a set of international and national legal texts that directly or indirectly guide the management of coastal zones. https://minepded.gov.cm/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/LAW-NO.-9612-OF-05-AUGUST-1996-RELATING-TO-ENVIRONMENTAL-MANAGEMENT.pdf.

Kuété, M., & Assongmo, T. (2002). Development versus Environment in the Tropics: The Example of the Coastal Region of Kribi (Cameroon). Les Cahiers d’Outre-Mer. Revue de géographie de Bordeaux, 55, 279-306. The above-mentioned regulation is implemented by several categories of actors acting at various levels and sectors of activity.

Number Line

Several actors are involved in coastal zone management in Cameroon. These can be classified into two broad categories as presented in Figure 2: government or state actors and non-state actors.

Ghjghj is a free spirit, always seeking change, adventure, and excitement. The nucleus around which their life revolves is freedom, just like a bird needs its wings to survive, they need freedom for their very survival. Ghjghj has a lot of nervous energy that is always seeking an outlet. They value their freedom and see life as an ongoing adventure. With an upbeat and optimistic outlook, Ghjghj brings a positive energy to those around them. Personality Traits of the Name Ghjghj Looking for a new meaning for the letters in Ghjghj? Generate Fancy Text Styles for the Name GhjghjSeveral state institutions are directly or indirectly involved in coastal zone management in Cameroon. These actors can be grouped into three main categories: Ministries and related services, decentralised territorial authorities and public and semi-public establishments. By using freedom properly, they can explore and develop all of their varied talents. Ghjghj will encounter various types of people and travel great distances. Come and join the journey of discovering yourself with freedom at the center of it all. The Inner Potentials of Ghjghj Several conventions have been adopted and ratified by Cameroon for the integrated and sustainable management of marine and terrestrial coastal ecosystems, including: the Convention on the Protection of Wetlands of International Importance; the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD); the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Ghjhgj has a lot of nervous energy that is always seeking an outlet. They value their freedom and see life as an ongoing adventure. With an upbeat and optimistic outlook, Ghjhgj brings a positive energy to those around them. Personality Traits of the Name Ghjhgj

The Ministry of Lands, Cadastres and Land Affairs (MINDCAF) is responsible for the overall design, implementation and evaluation of the national land ownership policy. It ensures the protection and issuance of land titles and designs cadastral plans. It plays a decisive role in the regulation of the occupation of the public maritime domain. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2018). Final Evaluation of the Project Sustainable Community Management and Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Cameroon. The heart's desire number, or soul number, is yet another aspect of numerology. For the name Ghjhgj, the heart's desire number is 0 The MEAO is the main public institution involved in the management of the coastal strip, specifically the Ocean Department. Its missions include: carrying out or commissioning studies that enable it to produce a report containing appropriate, concrete and detailed proposals on the actions to be undertaken for rapid, integrated and comprehensive local development of the intervention zone; ensuring the safeguarding of the natural environmental and tourist resources of the zones; monitoring the procedures for the rational occupation of the public maritime domain, the national domain and the State domain in the Ocean Department; etc. However, it appears from observations, literature and testimonies that this organisation has difficulty in fulfilling the missions assigned to it, particularly due to the nature of its prerogatives, which are limited to studies to the detriment of the implementation of concrete development projects. Also, it is said to be in competition with other public establishments such as the Autonomous Port of Kribi (PAK). From a legal point of view, there are many texts relating to coastal management, whether they are national texts or international conventions to which Cameroon is party. Despite the large number of regulations governing coastal zone management in Cameroon, it should be noted that their implementation remains timid. Thus, several limitations can be noted, including: the weak application of the law in favour of a system of ‘administrative tolerance’; the absence of the application decree necessary for the implementation of certain laws; and the absence of a harmonised legal instrument specific to coastal zone management that is enforceable against all stakeholders ( MINEP, 2010).

Intraday Chart

In the context of this study, two methods were used to collect the data necessary to achieve the objectives of the study including: desk research and question guide. In summary, a political, legal and institutional framework for coastal zone management exists in Cameroon. However, initiatives designed to promote integrated coastal zone management are having difficulty in its implementation. This situation is due to the complexity of the institutional and legal framework for the implementation of these initiatives. It is therefore necessary to develop integrated management strategies that take into account the role of each institution and that clearly define an effective mechanism for intervention and coordination between actors. Also, the analysis of these different programmes and projects actually carried out in the field shows that the risks linked to coastal erosion and marine submersion are poorly taken into account in favour of the protection of mangrove ecosystems, whose impacts are mixed. Decentralised local authorities (Regions and Council, etc.) are responsible, among other things, for planning land use at the local level and organising local development by integrating disaster risk management, including that related to coastal recession. As part of the decentralisation process in Cameroon, their competences have been strengthened in terms of regulations, making these bodies the pivot of territorial development. However, the modalities of intervention of these actors in the maritime domain are subject to the approval of the State as indicated in Article 31 of Law 2019/024 of 24 December 2019 on the general code of decentralised territorial authorities. Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection of Cameroon (2010). National Action Plan for Marine and Coastal Zone Management. Law No. 96/12 of 5 August 1996 on the framework law for environmental management 1. According to this law, mangrove ecosystems are subject to special protection that takes into account their role and importance in the conservation of marine biological diversity and the maintenance of coastal ecological balances (art. 94). This law defines in particular the modalities of protection of the coast and marine waters (section 3). Thus, in its article 34, paragraph 2, it is mentioned that only light and dismountable installations are authorised on the maritime and river public domain, as a temporary occupation, to the exclusion of any permanent construction or residential use.