Cummings, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (2017). The Dictionary of Fashion History (2nded.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. p.213. ISBN 978-1-4725-7770-2. A porkpie hat was a trademark of physicist Robert Oppenheimer, scientific director of the World War II project that developed the atomic bomb. [7] [8] Bird, Kai; Sherwin, Martin J. (2005). "Chapter Eight - "In 1936 My Interests Began to Change" ". American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-72626-2. Bernfeld [...] wore a distinctive porkpie hat, a felt hat with a low, flat top. Oppenheimer was deeply impressed—and soon took to wearing a porkpie hat like Bernfeld's. A pork pie hat is one of several different styles of hat that have been worn since the mid-19th century. The pork pie hat gained further popularity in the 20th century, being worn by famous actors and musicians. This style of hat features a flat crown that resembles a traditional pork pie, thus earning its name. [1] The pork pie hat in 19th-century fashion [ edit ] Child's Pork-Pie Hat, probably American. Plaited straw and silk ribbon, ca. late 19th century. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 41.11.34. Australia in the War of 1939–1945: Series 1. Army, Volume VI – The New Guinea Offensives (Firsted.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 1961. p.756. OCLC 254562463.

The heyday of the pork pie hat occurred during the Great Depression, following the straw boater era that peaked in the Roaring Twenties. In this incarnation, the pork pie regained its snap brim and increased slightly in height. Its dished crown became known among hatmakers as "telescopic crowns" or "tight telescopes" because when worn the top could be made to pop up slightly. [5] Furthermore, as stated in a newspaper clipping from the mid-1930s: "The true pork pie hat is so made that it cannot be worn successfully except when telescoped." The same clipping refers to the hat also as "the bi crowned". [6] Among famous wearers of the pork pie during this era are Frank Lloyd Wright, whose pork pie hat had a very wide brim and rather tall crown. Lester Young, whose career as a jazz saxophonist spanned from the mid-1920s to the late 1950s, regularly wore a pork pie hat during his performances, and after his death Charles Mingus composed a musical elegy in Young's honor entitled " Goodbye Pork Pie Hat". Young's pork pie had a broader brim than seen in earlier styles but retained the definitive round, flat, creased crown. O'Brien, Glenn (2011). How to Be a Man: A Guide to Style and Behavior for the Modern Gentleman. Random House Digital. p.101. ISBN 9780847835478. The pork pie began to gain further popularity in Britain as a man's hat not long after the turn of the century in the fashion style of the man-about-town, with famous entertainers sporting this style regularly. [3] Silent film actor Buster Keaton converted fedoras into straw boater-like felt pork pies by stiffening their brims with a dried sugar-water solution. [4] This kind of pork pie had a very flat top and similar short flat brim.

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Rausch, Andrew J. (2010). The Films of Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro. Scarecrow. p.7. ISBN 9780810874145.