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Collect 10-20mL/adults and 1-3mL/child for each blood culture; divide blood into two blood culture bottles, preferably an aerobic and an anaerobic bottle; collect two to three cultures per 24-hr period. Gaglione, D. et al. Adaptive Bayesian learning and forecasting of epidemic evolution—Data analysis of the COVID-19 outbreak. IEEE Access 8, 175244–175264. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019922 (2020). For most common, nonfastidious pathogens, the most important factor that influences recovery of organisms is the volume of blood that is collected. Typically, the number of organisms in the blood of a septic patient is low (an average of less than 1 organism/mL) and the success of obtaining a positive blood culture is directly related to the volume of blood that is cultured. 7 The current recommendations for adult patients is 20mL of blood should be collected and distributed into two blood culture bottles. The routine use of a single blood culture bottle is never acceptable. For neonates and children, proportionately smaller volumes of blood should be collected. Ideally, two or three blood cultures should be collected in a 24-hour period. Additional “routine” blood cultures are generally not useful for septic patients with negative blood cultures, and alternative culture methods should be considered (see Table 16-3). It is recognized that there are practical limits on the volume of blood that can be collected from some patients, and this should be considered when interpreting the significance of negative blood cultures. Notteboom T, Haralambides HE. Port Management and Governance in a Post-COVID-19 Era: Quo Vadis? Maritime Economics & Logistics. 2020; 22:329–352. doi: 10.1057/s41278-020-00162-7. [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar] World Trade Organization . Trade Set to Plunge as COVID-19 Pandemic Upends Global Economy, News Release. Geneva: WTO; 2020. [ Google Scholar]Panova, Y.; Hilmola, O.-P. Justification and evaluation of dry port investments in Russia. Res. Transp. Econ. 2015, 51, 61–70. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Millefiori, L. M., Braca, P., Bryan, K. & Willett, P. Modeling vessel kinematics using a stochastic mean-reverting process for long-term prediction. IEEE Trans. Aerospace Electron. Syst. 52(5), 1224–1245. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2016.150596 (2016).

The mobility indicator calculation requires a number of processing steps, detailed as follows. The first step fuses data different AIS receivers and converts them into a common format for processing; in this step, positional AIS messages are augmented with information on the ship class and type of cargo. Since data may suffer from errors and coverage gaps (less than 1%), erroneous and redundant data are removed during the second stage. For example, all messages that are found to exceed a 24-h interval, messages that correspond to infeasible speeds for large vessels (faster than 50 knots), or are not transmitted from the four types of carriers, or are accompanied by invalid identification numbers are discarded. In the third step, active and idle indicators are computed from the reported navigational status and the ship speed. The ship is assumed to be idle if her navigational status is “at anchor,” “not under command,” “moored,” or “aground,” or if the ship speed remains below 2 knots. Otherwise, it is considered active. In the fourth step we finally compute the CNM by first aggregating positional data by identification number and than by taking the sum of the great-circle distance between all consecutive positional messages broadcast by active ships. This eventually brings to the computation of the navigated distance per category and unit of time.

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Kuzmicz, K.A.; Pesch, E. Approaches to empty container repositioning problems in the context of Eurasian intermodal transportation. Omega 2018. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

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