Bonn, Scott A. (August 2014). "Psychopathic Criminals Cannot Be Cured". Psychology Today. Sussex Publishers, LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2016. Hawes, Samuel W.; Byrd, Amy L.; Waller, Rebecca; Lynam, Donald R.; Pardini, Dustin A. (2017-01-01). "Late childhood interpersonal callousness and conduct problem trajectories interact to predict adult psychopathy". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 58 (1): 55–63. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12598. ISSN 1469-7610. PMC 5340563. PMID 27516046. a b "Frequently asked questions". Psychopath Test. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021 . Retrieved 15 July 2019. Burgy, M. (2008). "The Concept of Psychosis: Historical and Phenomenological Aspects". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 34 (6): 1200–10. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbm136. PMC 2632489. PMID 18174608. Berrios, G.E. (1999). "Classic Text No. 37: J. C. Prichard and the concept of 'moral insanity' ". History of Psychiatry. 10 (37): 111–26. doi: 10.1177/0957154X9901003706. PMID 11623816. S2CID 144068583.

These signs are not part of a schizophrenic or manic episode – they're part of a person's everyday personality and behaviour. Edens, John F.; Marcus, David K.; Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Poythress, Norman G. Jr. (2006). "Psychopathic, Not Psychopath: Taxometric Evidence for the Dimensional Structure of Psychopathy" (PDF). Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. 115 (1): 131–44. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.131. PMID 16492104. S2CID 19223010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-11-23 . Retrieved 2022-01-25.a b Kiehl K. A. (2006). "A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: Evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction". Psychiatry Research. 142 (2–3): 107–128. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.09.013. PMC 2765815. PMID 16712954. Psychopathy has been associated with commission of sexual crime, with some researchers arguing that it is correlated with a preference for violent sexual behavior. A 2011 study of conditional releases for Canadian male federal offenders found that psychopathy was related to more violent and non-violent offences but not more sexual offences. [ citation needed] For child molesters, psychopathy was associated with more offences. [97] A study on the relationship between psychopathy scores and types of aggression in a sample of sexual murderers, in which 84.2% of the sample had PCL-R scores above 20 and 47.4% above 30, found that 82.4% of those with scores above 30 had engaged in sadistic violence (defined as enjoyment indicated by self-report or evidence) compared to 52.6% of those with scores below 30, and total PCL-R and Factor 1 scores correlated significantly with sadistic violence. [98] [99] Despite this, it is reported that offenders with psychopathy (both sexual and non-sexual offenders) are about 2.5 times more likely to be granted conditional release compared to non-psychopathic offenders. [97] Boldness. Low fear including stress-tolerance, toleration of unfamiliarity and danger, and high self-confidence and social assertiveness. The PCL-R measures this relatively poorly and mainly through Facet 1 of Factor 1. Similar to PPI fearless dominance. May correspond to differences in the amygdala and other neurological systems associated with fear. [1] [4] Starting in the 1930s, before some modern concepts of psychopathy were developed, "sexual psychopath" laws, the term referring broadly to mental illness, were introduced by some states, and by the mid-1960s more than half of the states had such laws. Sexual offenses were considered to be caused by underlying mental illnesses, and it was thought that sex offenders should be treated, in agreement with the general rehabilitative trends at this time. Courts committed sex offenders to a mental health facility for community protection and treatment. [74] [215]

Ancient writings that have been connected to psychopathic traits include Deuteronomy 21:18–21 and a description of an unscrupulous man by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus around 300 BC. [32] Decety L.; Skelly L. R.; Yoder K. J.; Kiehl K. (2014). "Neural processing of dynamic facial expressions in psychopaths". Social Neuroscience. 9 (1): 36–49. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2013.866905. PMC 3970241. PMID 24359488. a b Woodworth, Michael; Porter, Stephen (2002). "In cold blood: Characteristics of criminal homicides as a function of psychopathy". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Psychological Association. 111 (3): 436–45. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.111.3.436. PMID 12150419.The media usually uses the term psychopath to designate any criminal whose offenses are particularly abhorrent and unnatural, but that is not its original or general psychiatric meaning. [23] Sociopathy [ edit ] Lee R, Coccaro ER (2007). "Neurobiology of impulsive aggression: Focus on serotonin and the orbitofrontal cortex". In Flannery DJ, Vazsonyi AT, Waldman ID (eds.). The Cambridge handbook of violent behavior and aggression. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.170–86. ISBN 978-0-521-60785-8. Michael Fitzgerald suggested overlaps between (primary) psychopathy and Asperger Syndrome in terms of fearlessness, planning of acts, empathy deficits, callous behaviour, and sometimes superficial charisma. [192] Studies investigating similarities and differences between psychopathy and autism indicate that autism and psychopathy are not part of the same construct. Rather both conditions might co-occur in some individuals. [193] Recent studies indicate that some individuals with an autism diagnosis also show callous and unemotional traits (a risk-factor for developing psychopathy), [194] but are less strongly associated with conduct problems. [195] Likewise, some people with an Asperger Syndrome Diagnosis have shown correlations with the "unemotional" factor and "behavioural dyscontrol" factor of psychopathy, but not the "interpersonal" factor. [196] Psychopathy is a mental health condition characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits. [1] [2] [3] Different conceptions of psychopathy have been used throughout history that are only partly overlapping and may sometimes be contradictory. [4]

Partridge, George E. (July 1930). "Current Conceptions of Psychopathic Personality". The American Journal of Psychiatry. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Psychiatric Association. 1 (87): 53–99. doi: 10.1176/ajp.87.1.53. Franklin, Karen (June 19, 2011). "Violence risk meta-meta: Instrument choice does matter: Despite popularity, psychopathy test and actuarials not superior to other prediction methods". forensicpsychologist.blogspot.co.uk. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Glenn, Andrea L.; Raine, Adrian (July 2009). "Psychopathy and instrumental aggression: Evolutionary, neurobiological, and legal perspectives". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. New York City: Elsevier. 32 (4): 253–258. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.002. ISSN 0160-2527. PMID 19409615. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 8 April 2016.Fontaine, Nathalie M.G.; Rijsdijk, Frühling V.; McCrory, Eamon J.P.; Viding, Essi (2010). "Etiology of Different Developmental Trajectories of Callous-Unemotional Traits". Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 49 (7): 656–664. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.014. PMID 20610135.