Cheeseman, H. Fast-charging Li-metal batteries. ARPA-E https://arpa-e.energy.gov/open-2021/webinars (2021). Ogihara, N. et al. Theoretical and experimental analysis of porous electrodes for lithium-ion batteries by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy using a symmetric cell. J. Electrochem. Soc. 159, A1034–A1039 (2012). Yang, X. G., Liu, T. & Wang, C. Y. Innovative heating of large-size automotive Li-ion cells. J. Power Sources 342, 598–604 (2017).

Logan, E. R. et al. Ester-based electrolytes for fast charging of energy dense lithium-ion batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 124, 12269–12280 (2020). Ma, X. et al. Hindering Rollover Failure of Li[Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2]O2/Graphite Pouch Cells during Long-Term Cycling. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166, A711 (2019).

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Newman, J. S. & Tobias, C. W. Theoretical analysis of current distribution in porous electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 1183 (1962). Liu, T., Ge, S., Yang, X.-G. & Wang, C.-Y. Effect of thermal environments on fast charging Li-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 511, 230466 (2021). Li, Y. et al. Growth of conformal graphene cages on micrometre-sized silicon particles as stable battery anodes. Nat. Energy 1, 15029 (2016). CATLs new fast-charging LFP battery is equipped with in-house technology, including fast ion ring technology, a new superconducting electrolyte formulation, and an ultra thin and safer separator.

Zhang, J., Wu, B., Li, Z. & Huang, J. Simultaneous estimation of thermal parameters for large-format laminated lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 259, 106–116 (2014). Li, L. et al. Transport and electrochemical properties and spectral features of non-aqueous electrolytes containing LiFSI in linear carbonate solvents. J. Electrochem. Soc. 158, A74 (2011). CATL says its new fast-charging battery solves these issues. It’s new LFP battery “embodies the perfect balance of long range and easy refueling.” Yang, X.-G. et al. Asymmetric temperature modulation for extreme fast charging of lithium-ion batteries. Joule 3, 3002–3019 (2019).The new LFP battery will enable up to 434 miles (700 km) range. CATL claims its new innovation is the world’s first LFP battery to support 4C charging, as well as a “battery for everyone.” For those that don’t know, the “C” refers to the charging multiplier of the battery. Hence 4C can charge in a quarter of an hour. Keil, J. et al. Linear and nonlinear aging of lithium-ion cells investigated by electrochemical analysis and in-situ neutron diffraction linear and nonlinear aging of lithium-ion cells investigated by electrochemical analysis and in-situ neutron diffraction. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166, A3908 (2019). Mass production is expected by the end of the year with new EVs equipped with the fast-charging battery avaialable on the market in the first quarter of 2024.

Yang, X.-G., Zhang, G. & Wang, C. Y. Computational design and refinement of self-heating lithium ion batteries. J. Power Sources 328, 203–211 (2016). Chen, K. et al. Efficient fast-charging of lithium-ion batteries enabled by laser-patterned three-dimensional graphite anode architectures. J. Power Sources 471, 228475 (2020). Schuster, S. F. et al. Nonlinear aging characteristics of lithium-ion cells under different operational conditions. J. Energy Storage 1, 44–53 (2015). All batteries degrade with time and use. Most EVs have a warranty for eight years or 100,000 miles, whichever is earlier. An EV battery is considered at end of its life if it no longer maintains 80% of total usable capacity and has more than 5% self-discharge rate over a 24-hour period (Engel et al. 2019). Accelerated battery degradation can be caused by charging and discharging patterns, such as repeatedly using the entire capacity of a battery, or repeated rapid charging (IEA 2020).Wang, B. et al. Ultrafast-charging silicon-based coral-like network anodes for lithium-ion batteries with high energy and power densities. ACS Nano 13, 2307–2315 (2019). Voltage and capacity are the most important things to consider, but weight and discharge rate (also called ‘C’ rating) are almost as important. LiPo Battery Basics