Pursuant to R.A. 8371 chapter II section 3(h) - Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous Peoples — refer to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, nonindigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos. ICCs/IPs shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of nonindigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains; The independent ICCs/IPs refers to the indigenous group who are not dependent on any civil government agencies, and not duly registered to the NCIP but duly recognized by law, who develop their own self-governance, political system and institution, economy and, social and cultural well-being. Over the last 30 years, Indigenous Peoples’ rights have been increasingly recognized through the adoption of international instruments such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007, the American Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2016, the Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Justice in Environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean (Escazú Agreement) in 2021 and the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention from 1991. At the same time, global institutional mechanisms have been created to promote Indigenous peoples’ rights such as the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII), the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP), and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNSR).

Whether there were 1 million Indigenous people in Hispaniola in 1492 or a few tens of thousands as we now know to be true, the fact remains that what happened after Europeans arrived in the Caribbean constitutes one of the world’s first genocides: the systematic destruction of an entire people and culture,” said Reich.

References

The main criticism concerning R.A. 8371 is that it is ambiguous. One of the issues it encountered was that it is inconsistent and conflicting with the Philippines' constitution (2).

John Davis – on 7 February 1821 disputed claim of setting foot on Antarctica at Hughes Bay ( 64°13′S 61°20′W) William Smith discovers South Shetland Islands ( 62°00′S 058°00′W), the first land discovered south of 60° south latitude.

the right to be prioretised in terms of development, exploitation, extraction, or harvesting of natural resources belonging in ancestral domains Lightfoot, Sheryl (2008). "Indigenous Rights in International Politics: The Case of "Overcompliant" Liberal States". Alternatives: Global, Local, Political. 33 (1): 83–104. doi: 10.1177/030437540803300105. S2CID 145415734. Despite these failed efforts, the IPOs decided to give it another try. Decisions have been made during social negotiations among NGOs and POs to rename the bill from Ancestral Domain Bill to Indigenous Peoples Rights Act to emphasize the holistic approach and character of the bill. A consensus was made in December 1995 between IP representatives and NGO representatives. Seven non-negotiable points of the bill that were promoted are the following: George Powell, a British sealer, and Nathaniel B. Palmer, an American sealer, discover the South Orkney Islands. Powell annexes them for the British.

The discovery makes it all the more heartbreaking that “the group capable of all this cultural diversity” suffered such devastation when Europeans arrived, said Reich. In Cambodia, the Voice and Action: Social Accountability for Improved Service Delivery project facilitated and supported the social inclusion of ethnic minorities, women, and other vulnerable and marginalized communities in effective access to service delivery. Ethnic minorities were hired by local government as community accountability facilitators and improved the quality of service provision in six different Indigenous languages (Khmer-Lao, Kreung, Kuoy, Proav, Mill, and Kraol) through mobile loudspeaker and radio broadcasts.Tuminez, Astrid (2007). "This Land is Our Land: Moro Ancestral Domain and Its Implications for Peace and Development in the Southern Philippines". SAIS Review of International Affairs. 27 (2): 77–91. doi: 10.1353/sais.2007.0044. S2CID 153528141 . Retrieved 10 October 2013. James Weddell discovers the Weddell Sea; – on 20 February 1823 his ship Jane (160 tons) reached a new Farthest South of 74° 15′ S ( 74°15′S 30°12′W) Southern Ocean Expedition led by John Biscoe, an English sealer; circumnavigates the continent, sets foot on Anvers Island, names and annexes Graham Land, discovers Biscoe Islands, Queen Adelaide Island ( 67.25°S 68.5°W) and sights Enderby Land ( 67°30′S 53°0′E)