Potato is the third most important food crop in the world after rice and wheat. More than a billion people worldwide eat potato, and global crop production exceeds 300 MT per annum. Yet, this crop is particularly vulnerable to increased temperature, which is considered to be the most important uncontrollable factor affecting growth and yield (Levy and Veilleux, 2007). Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) originated in the Andes of South America from regions with cool temperatures, and most cultivated germplasm is highly sensitive to elevated temperature. For most commercial cultivars, yield is optimal at average daytime temperatures in the 14–22°C range, above which yield falls off sharply (Van Dam etal., 1996). Momčilović I, Pantelić D, Zdravković-Korać S, Oljača J, Rudić J, Fu J. (2016). Heat-induced accumulation of protein synthesis elongation factor 1a implies an important role in heat tolerance in potato. Planta. 2016;244(3):671–9. Zhao P, Wang D, Wang R, Kong N, Zhang C, Yang C, Wu W, Ma H, Chen Q (2018) Genome-wide analysis of the potato Hsp20 gene family: identification, genomic organization and expression profiles in response to heat stress. BMC Genomics 19:61. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4443-1

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Based on qRT-PCR, all of the StHsp20 genes responded to salt and drought stress; however, the expression level of several StHsp20s was down-regulated (Fig. 6). Under heat stress, Hsfs are activated and bound to HSEs in the Hsp20 gene promoters to regulate the expressions of downstream genes. Nevertheless, various cis-elements were found in promoter regions of StHsp20s (Fig. 4), and these are involved in the responses of StHsp20 genes to other abiotic stresses. Thus, StHsp20 genes could be induced by both heat stress and other abiotic stresses. The multiple abiotic stress responses of StHsp20 genes reflected an interconnected induction mechanism involving Hsf transcription factors. Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. The clustal_x windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25(25):4876–82. A major difficulty in screening for complex abiotic stress tolerance traits is control of environmental parameters whilst growing sufficient numbers of genotypes under replication for genetic analysis. In potato, segregation for earliness of tuberization is a confounding factor in heat stress screening and has led to the development of screens based on nodal cuttings (Ewing and Wareing, 1978; Van den Berg etal., 1990). This technique uses an excised potato leaf and its subtended axillary bud, that when maintained in moist compost, tuberizes rapidly. Leaf cuttings from induced plants produce tubers (in ~14days) at the axillary bud, whereas non‐induced plants fail to tuberize. The nodal cutting assay therefore provides a convenient, space and time‐saving high‐throughput method to study tuberization and dry matter partitioning. The use of a model system for analysis of traits that are impacted on by multiple factors has the potential to simplify the trait and allows the investigator to focus on specific components. Chung BY, Simons C, Firth AE, Brown CM, Hellens RP. Effect of 5’utr introns on gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics. 2006;7(1):120. Factors controlling stolon development in the potato plant. New Phytol. 71, 639–648. [ Google Scholar]A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real‐time RT–PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, e45. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Qain J, Chen J, Liu YF, Yang LL, Li WP, Zhang LM. Overexpression of Arabidopsis HsfA1a enhances diverse stress tolerance by promoting stress-induced HSP expression. Genet Mol Res. 2014; 13(1):1233–1243. doi: 10.4238/2014.February.27.8. [ PubMed] [ CrossRef] [ Google Scholar]

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