Boe K, Batstone DJ, Steyer JP, Angelidaki I (2010) State indicators for monitoring the anaerobic digestion process. Water Res 44:5973–5980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.043

Zhu, L.; Gao, M.; Peh, C.K.N.; Ho, G.W. Recent progress in solar-driven interfacial water evaporation: Advanced designs and applications. Nano Energy 2019, 57, 507–518. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Okra can be planted in all seasons but thrives best in long warm growing seasons with temperatures of 20-30°C for optimal flowering and fruit development. It grows well in well-drained silty to sandy soil with a pH of 5.5 – 7.0. Storer, D.P.; Phelps, J.L.; Wu, X.; Owens, G.; Khan, N.I.; Xu, H. Graphene and rice-straw-fiber-based 3D photothermal aerogels for highly efficient solar evaporation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 15279–15287. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Hyacinth beans grow best at 21°C. They can withstand high heat but still need sufficient watering. They prefer to be planted in well-drained loamy soil rich in organic matter with a slightly acidic pH of 6.0 – 6.8.

How To Make Paper Hyacinth Flowers

Liu, C.; Hong, K.; Sun, X.; Natan, A.; Luan, P.; Yang, Y.; Zhu, H. An ‘antifouling’porous loofah sponge with internal microchannels as solar absorbers and water pumpers for thermal desalination. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 12323–12333. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Wang, Z.; Horseman, T.; Straub, A.P.; Yip, N.Y.; Li, D.; Elimelech, M.; Lin, S. Pathways and challenges for efficient solar-thermal desalination. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaax0763. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Trace around the template pieces on to coloured paper or card and cut them out. Use green for the long rectangular stem and leaves and your chosen colour for the oval and 10 small rectangles that will make up the flower head. Fishes have different feeding habits and some species such as tilapia and grass carp can feed on several aquatic plants. Hence, water hyacinth can be used as a raw material in formulating fish feed. This may increase the crude protein level of the feed (due to the high protein content in the leaves and roots of the plant) and possibly in digesting the feed better. Diet consisting of up to 40% of water hyacinth may be used to replace fish meal in diet formulation for common carp fry. Fries of common carp fed with fish diet inclusive of water hyacinth were reported to show a significant weight increase after 70 days [ 59]. Sarker and Aziz [ 60] observed alterations in the supply of nutrients in fishes by the addition of water hyacinth to fish feed. It reduced the cost of feed formulation, thereby raising profit margins. Results indicated that the addition of up to 25% water hyacinth in the composed feed did not show any negative impacts on the development of mirror carp but that incorporating about 15% water hyacinth meal in a diet was best for mirror carp. In evaluating the potentials of water hyacinth as an alternative feed for grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella using whole plant and plant parts, Mahmood et al. [ 61] reported a higher fish weight gain, higher crude protein, and better nutrient digestibility in the leaf meal diet without any histological alterations in fish liver and kidney. This indicates that the leaf of water hyacinth is a very suitable option as an alternative aqua feed. Water hyacinth has also proven to be a food strategy in angelfish diets and may be implemented in the fish’s diet at up to 32% levels of crude protein. Improved growth performance and survival of angelfish, Pterophyllum scalare, was reported with the inclusion of water hyacinth biomass in the diet of the fish [ 62]. 1.9. Biofuel Production

One potential method is to add biochar carriers to the reactor to improve AD treatment performance. Biochar, which is produced from biomass pyrolysis, is a promising option due to its high performance and low production cost [ 7]. The high porosity and adsorption capacity of biochar can support microbial growth, toxic substance removals, and buffer pH levels [ 8]. Additionally, the filling of carriers can promote early biofilm formation [ 9], which can increase microorganism density [ 10] and protect them from adverse environments, such as acidic conditions [ 11]. Carrier features have been used in various types of reactors [ 10] and are highly applicable to existing reactors. Coffee husk is a suitable raw material for producing biochar, as they are readily available in tropical and subtropical countries [ 12, 13]. Coffee husks are waste products generated in large quantities during coffee production, and their disposal, processing, and possible recycling are important environmental and economic concerns [ 14]. Camacho, L.M.; Dumée, L.; Zhang, J.; Li, J.-d.; Duke, M.; Gomez, J.; Gray, S. Advances in membrane distillation for water desalination and purification applications. Water 2013, 5, 94–196. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Mesophilic anaerobic sludge was collected from a full-scale anaerobic digester that treated dewatered sewage sludge at the Hokubu Sludge Treatment Center in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Then, the sludge was stored in a temperature-controlled room at 37 °C for 10 days to remove residual organic compounds from the sludge [ 15]. The SS and volatile SS concentrations in the sludge were 16,542 and 12,594 mg/L, respectively. Biofilm Carrier Preparation Agborambang ME, Fujiwara M, Bhatia P, Kishi M, Sekine M, Salangsang MCD, Matsuyama T, Toda T (2022) Characterization of mixing by CFD simulation and optimization of mixing frequency to break scum and enhance methane yield in Chinese dome digester. Bioenerg Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10519-w During the process of solar steam generation, the mass of the WHP-C evaporator gradually decreased over time after being exposed to different intensities of light. As shown in Figure 4e, the mass change of the WHP-C under 1 sun irradiation for 1200 s was −0.50 kg m −2, which increased to −1.54 kg m −2 as the light intensity increased to 4 sun. Nevertheless, the mass change of pure water under 1 sun irradiation for 1200 s was only −0.04 kg m −2. Furthermore, the solar evaporation rate of the WHP-C and pure water under different intensities of light was also measured, and the results are shown in Figure 4f. The evaporation rate of the WHP-C increased from 1.50 to 4.59 kg m −2 h −1 as the light intensity, i.e., concentration coefficient, increased from 1 to 4 sun. In comparison, the pure water exhibited a very low evaporation rate of only 0.23 kg m −2 h −1 even under 4 sun irradiation. Given the above, the Janus WHP-C with aligned channels having rapid water transportation and good photothermal property is a promising interfacial evaporator for efficient solar steam generation.As stated earlier, some medicinal uses of water hyacinth have been reported. Further research may be needed in this regard to explore the possibility of drug formulation from this weed. Considering its use as feed for animals, toxicity studies have to be further investigated to ensure that the plant is safe for use whether as food for animals or as treatment of ailments. A major cause of concern is the ability of this plant to invade different kinds of water bodies across different geographical zones. Molecular analysis of the plant growing in different water habitats and different geographical zones may also be important to know the similarities in the genes across the different habitats. This will provide information on better understanding the invasiveness of the plant. This way, the focus can shift to genetically modifying the plant to be less invasive. Finish off your paper hyacinth by glueing on your green flower stem and leaves and leave it all to dry.

Ahmad M, Rajapaksha AU, Lim JE, Zhang M, Bolan N, Mohan D, Vithanage M, Lee SS, Ok YS (2014) Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: a review. Chemosphere 99:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071 All teams attended workshops led by Youth Co:Lab, and 10 finalists were then selected to receive mentoring from industry experts, before pitching to judges from the 5 main partnering organisations. It is recommended to apply six to eight bags of complete fertilizer (14-14-14) throughout the whole growing period.The surface morphology of the WHPs with and without an epidermis is shown in Figure 1e. The WHP with an epidermis was green; however, after removing the epidermis, the WHP exhibited a pale-yellow color. From the axial-sectional WHP ( Figure 1f), we observed the vertically aligned channels, which are critical to the efficient water transportation of water hyacinths in growth. Furthermore, the radial-sectional WHP showed an open porous structure ( Figure 1g), indicating that the vertical channels were throughout the whole WHP. After dip-coating the paste of CNT/EC, the Janus WHP-C was obtained and presented a significantly dark top surface ( Figure 1h), which was expected to achieve an excellent photothermal property for potential application in solar-driven steam generation. By further hydrophobic modification using fluorocarbon reagent, the as-prepared WHP-CH exhibited no obvious morphological changes on its surface and the porous structure was well-maintained ( Figure 1i). On your oval flower head base apply ten small drops of glue where you want the petals to go. This is a great opportunity for counting practice for little ones. Bu J, Hu BB, Wu HZ, Zhu MJ (2022) Improved methane production with redox-active/conductive biochar amendment by establishing spatial ecological niche and mediating electron transfer. Bioresour Technol 351:127072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127072 Water hyacinths pose serious challenges to humanity and the environment. Considering the enormity of the menace associated with the growth and spread of the plant and the difficulty in achieving a single, generally acceptable control method, it is becoming increasingly imperative to explore the potentials of the plant. New water hyacinth-related articles are regularly being published. Recently published articles about the plant were accessed, and the information in these articles is presented in the context of the pros and cons of the plant. Some of the benefits that can be derived from the plant include biogas and biofuel production, medicinal functions, vermicomposting, compost production, and bioremediation. However, clogging of waterways, obstruction of water transportation, and fishing activities; breeding grounds for pests and diseases; and reduction of water quality, loss of biodiversity, and economic downturn in areas invaded by the plant are problems associated with it. The peculiarity in the invasiveness of each situation should determine whether or not the growth of the plant is a problem, especially if the opportunity to harness the potentials of the plant exists. There are three major methods for controlling the plants when control becomes inevitable: mechanical, chemical, and biological. To achieve the best control, integrating two or more control methods is advised. 1. Introduction